tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-177442692024-03-14T11:02:37.553+00:00human rights archaeology:cultural heritage in conflictarchaeoblog on human rights archaeology - the illicit antiquities trade and<br>cultural heritage destruction in conflicts in Cyprus, Kurdistan/Turkey and Kosova/Kosovosamarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.comBlogger282125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-59517731859107884682011-08-27T11:05:00.001+01:002011-08-27T11:07:45.458+01:00blog, archivedI decided to officially archive this blog on the day my DPhil was confirmed. But I have waited for the electronic publication of my thesis, <a href="http://conflictantiquities.wordpress.com/2011/08/27/cultural-heritage-work-in-cyprus-dphil-thesis-electronic-publication/">Interrogating Archaeological Ethics in Conflict Zones: Cultural Heritage Work in Cyprus</a>, to announce the archiving. From now on, I will blog at <a href="http://conflictantiquities.wordpress.com/">Conflict Antiquities</a>.<br />
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On Conflict Antiquities, I will concentrate on illicit antiquities trading, organised crime and political violence in Cyprus, Greece and Turkey. As I explain in an <a href="http://conflictantiquities.wordpress.com/2011/08/24/conflict-antiquities-introduction/">introduction to Conflict Antiquities</a>,<br />
<blockquote>I want to study the history of the trade in conflict antiquities; and to explore the relationship between the trade in conflict antiquities and the funding of conflict and violence.</blockquote>samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-72653846321752798672011-06-21T21:40:00.008+01:002011-06-23T12:43:45.449+01:00protective Turkish Cypriot Hand of Fatima on Greek Cypriot cemetery; graffiti updateThanks to the multilingual skills of Denizaksulu [and Emma Ruby], I have an update on the open hand painting and the Arabic inscriptions. The most important news is that the open hand painting probably is a Hand of Fatima, a Turkish Cypriot prayer for the protection of the Greek Cypriot cemetery.<br />
<br />
Since Denizaksulu was going to look for the <a href="http://www.cyprus-forum.com/cyprus34609-20.html#p679719">ship graffiti</a> on the cropped image of Saint Damian(?), I thought I would post the uncropped photograph, and some others besides.<br />
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Over on Cyprus Forum, Denizaksulu commented that,<br />
<blockquote>On a church building, in Arabic it ha the word for GOD/ALLAH and then PALESTINE. On the one with the star of david is the name of the graffitti artist. Not totally legible, but begins with <s>'Muhammed'</s> ['<a href="http://www.cyprus-forum.com/cyprus34609-20.html#p679850">Muhsin</a>'] then a surname. Defo not TC. The hand could be an emblem of some party, but not so sure. If the fingers were wide spread, it would be an offensive gesture, but these do look like the <a href="http://www.cyprus-forum.com/cyprus34609.html#p679589">hand of Fatima</a>.</blockquote>[Updated with Emma Ruby's correction on 23rd June 2011.]<br />
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So, I've updated my posts on <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2011/05/information-political-graffiti-on.html">political graffiti</a> and <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2011/05/translation-arabic-graffiti-in-palea.html">religious inscriptions</a>.<br />
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There are carvings of the Star of David all over the cave chapel, including on all five of the figures I show here (Saint Damian(?), Saint Cosmas, Saint George, Archangel Michael, and the Holy Trinity); and there are carvings of ships (fish, and other on Saint Damian(?; fig. 1) and Saint Cosmas (fig. 2).<br />
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<center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjac7aBquoQJAkwMv06T5liz9qgU-H6gpd0wjJnOosIuODUk6HMB0PrpuW1hSVp7hV8BOix4R_UxwE2NycUHsL0Hn9lmLV6H6o-VVgL-2b3ts77bxaQQKy9RF7PaKp1faJixc9zpQ/s1600/Palea+Enklistra%252C+Agios+Damiaios.JPG" imageanchor="1" style=""><img border="0" height="320" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjac7aBquoQJAkwMv06T5liz9qgU-H6gpd0wjJnOosIuODUk6HMB0PrpuW1hSVp7hV8BOix4R_UxwE2NycUHsL0Hn9lmLV6H6o-VVgL-2b3ts77bxaQQKy9RF7PaKp1faJixc9zpQ/s320/Palea+Enklistra%252C+Agios+Damiaios.JPG" /></a><br />
Figure 1: Agios Damiaios, Palea Enklistra</center><br />
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<center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzTL5M7uyi73XakMo5yzhE_lLJSx10mH6rJ99siQEtod6bKcbhhN3Y5c9x2VQZfwcETdua6L5mBwLTbZ0RooO0UL2YU5T7e_4TKpOVgvTeAn3gHJnm97m6Wk0JUOITz0WQLAa54A/s1600/Palea+Enklistra%252C+Agios+Kosmas.JPG" imageanchor="1" style=""><img border="0" height="320" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzTL5M7uyi73XakMo5yzhE_lLJSx10mH6rJ99siQEtod6bKcbhhN3Y5c9x2VQZfwcETdua6L5mBwLTbZ0RooO0UL2YU5T7e_4TKpOVgvTeAn3gHJnm97m6Wk0JUOITz0WQLAa54A/s320/Palea+Enklistra%252C+Agios+Kosmas.JPG" /></a><br />
Figure 2: Agios Kosmas, Palea Enklistra</center><br />
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<center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixZzx8yjnpQtHxlIultuInyTh9C7KZX1YwKEhaokZmd6zpKr8j8pPcMtaj0mU7mp8h7gSMCOu1OfcMp7h85BM-rkodZsGEHE-U1IQILgJwOiSqbcQd6Y1qm4jr4BgTzQazwrC68g/s1600/Palea+Enklistra%252C+Agios+Georgios.JPG" imageanchor="1" style=""><img border="0" height="320" width="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixZzx8yjnpQtHxlIultuInyTh9C7KZX1YwKEhaokZmd6zpKr8j8pPcMtaj0mU7mp8h7gSMCOu1OfcMp7h85BM-rkodZsGEHE-U1IQILgJwOiSqbcQd6Y1qm4jr4BgTzQazwrC68g/s320/Palea+Enklistra%252C+Agios+Georgios.JPG" /></a><br />
Figure 3: Agios Georgios, Palea Enklistra</center><br />
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<center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC6bhrUxnplAIR878Bvpqv81tLNjaRMj5kelYIvwItOehm7Y8uXm08tbBkFa-TcpyCcXwWlMZlY9W-dqjsWzWOzuq0jkCQlESWmWtNIsC2wDHgYXf85hKio2ThEMZV2aGVsIhJrQ/s1600/Palea+Enklistra%252C+Archangel+Michail.JPG" imageanchor="1" style=""><img border="0" height="240" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC6bhrUxnplAIR878Bvpqv81tLNjaRMj5kelYIvwItOehm7Y8uXm08tbBkFa-TcpyCcXwWlMZlY9W-dqjsWzWOzuq0jkCQlESWmWtNIsC2wDHgYXf85hKio2ThEMZV2aGVsIhJrQ/s320/Palea+Enklistra%252C+Archangel+Michail.JPG" /></a><br />
Figure 4: Archangel Michail, Palea Enklistra</center><br />
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<center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJe5VqRKGwAFG-Go5VV2jS-tIis5pcWXEyAa21vLM5ozxBPdiRtggeohH4ETC2K8aH5Jvky3aZ7GUkIRuOa2Qt2zbCpnOwY14RRkwcV41TwbiySmN-9OLeX03ue0pyA5hO5LFETw/s1600/Palea+Enklistra%252C+Holy+Trinity.JPG" imageanchor="1" style=""><img border="0" height="240" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJe5VqRKGwAFG-Go5VV2jS-tIis5pcWXEyAa21vLM5ozxBPdiRtggeohH4ETC2K8aH5Jvky3aZ7GUkIRuOa2Qt2zbCpnOwY14RRkwcV41TwbiySmN-9OLeX03ue0pyA5hO5LFETw/s320/Palea+Enklistra%252C+Holy+Trinity.JPG" /></a><br />
Figure 5: Holy Trinity, Palea Enklistra</center>samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-58706209230004843232011-05-29T17:35:00.001+01:002011-05-29T17:35:00.669+01:00Turkey's Blogger ban liftedI've been offline for far too long. Apparently, <a href="http://www.bianet.org/english/freedom-of-expression/128603-blogspot-access-ban-lifted">Turkey's Blogger ban</a> was lifted ages ago (according to Aaron G. Myers, it was gradually <a href="http://www.storiesfromturkey.com/2011/03/hurriyet-daily-says-blogger-is-back.html?showComment=1303877690687#c8200996171016626375">lifted</a> between the 14th of March and the 27th of April).<br />
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A Turkish satellite TV provider, Digitürk, complained that some bloggers had infringed upon its copyright (by webcasting its Lig TV channel's matches).<br />
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Digitürk's complaint didn't list their individual blogs; and Diyarbakır's court didn't understand, or didn't care about, the difference between individual blogs and blog platforms. So, <a href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=blogspot-is-banned-2011-03-02">Turkey banned Blogspot</a>.<br />
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<a href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=google-responded-to-court-decision-to-ban-blogspot-2011-03-03">Google, Inc.</a> pointed out that they 'rapidly respond by removing content infringing copyrights upon a related legal notification' (and thus that neither Digitürk nor the court had notified Google).<br />
<br />
As Bianet explained, Turkish bloggers boycotted Digitürk and football fans demanded 'don't touch my blog [blogumu dokunma]'; though realistically more significantly, the Internet Technologies Association (İNETD) filed a criminal complaint of '<a href="http://www.bianet.org/english/freedom-of-expression/128603-blogspot-access-ban-lifted">misconduct of office</a>' against Digitürk, Lig TV and the Diyarbakır court.<br />
<br />
Then the court reconsidered the ban's necessity.samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-77013873621641122442011-05-27T01:30:00.004+01:002011-05-29T17:38:20.259+01:00#22agustos: internet censorship, TurkeySadly, "Take Your Hands Off the Internet (<a href="http://www.radikal.com.tr/Default.aspx?aType=Detay&ArticleID=901143&Date=30.09.2008&CategoryID=77">Çekin Artık Elinizi İnternetten</a>)" is a long-standing demand in Turkey; but there is a grave threat of even more censorship from the 22nd of August (22 Ağustos).<br />
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[I got so distracted by internet censorship that I forgot to explain the Blogspot-specific ban in this post; I have now summarised the (now-lifted) <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2011/05/turkeys-blogger-ban-lifted.html">Blogger ban</a>.]<br />
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<u>Halal Internet</u><br />
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Part of the movement for censorship is the desire for "halal internet". 138 words have recently been banned from the Turkish internet domain names, and the excuse was to protect the public from pornography.<br />
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However, as <a href="http://elmaaltshift.com/2011/04/27/elmaaltshift-138-kelimelik-hikaye-yarismasi/">Elma+Alt+Shift</a>'s image shows, many of the banned words are normal words that can have sexual meanings, like the number "31", or the word "oral" (so, appropriately enough, the Moral System of Islam is now invisible in Turkey).<br />
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Many of the banned words have nothing at all to do with porn, like "fire (ateş)", "hikaye (story)", "türbanlı (turbaned)"; the name "Adrienne"; and the English words "got" and "pic[ture]", because the internet cannot distinguish between those and the Turkish words "göt (arse)" and "piç (bastard)".<br />
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Appropriately enough, "free" websites are no longer free; "local (yerli)" websites will be even more local, "secret"/"hidden (gizli)" websites will now be truly hidden from Turkey; and, exquisitely, it is forbidden to use the word "<a href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkey-forbids-8216forbidden8217-from-internet-domain-names-2011-04-28">forbidden (yasak)</a>".<br />
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Other words have nothing to do with pr0n, but are apparently haram in Orthodox Islam, and show the frightening direction of the censorship: "biseksuel", "gay"/"gey"/"homoseksüel", "lesbian"/"lezbiyen", "travesti" (though, because it is incompetent bigotry, not "bisexual", "homosexual", "transvestite" or "transsexual").<br />
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(<a href="https://kolodor.wordpress.com/2011/05/03/22-agustos-2011-rip-internet/">Kolodor</a> yasak kelimeleri ele aldı.)<br />
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Even the legality and rules of the word ban are, politely, '<a href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=tibs-forbidden-words-list-inconsistent-with-law-2011-04-29">inconsistent</a>'; and they may be '<a href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=internet-filter-2011-05-04">unconstitutional</a>'. On top of that, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) is already investigating a different Turkish internet ban (including on <a href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=echr-asked-turkey-for-explanations-on-internet-ban-applications-2011-03-09">Ahmet Yıldırım's academic blog</a>).<br />
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Amnesty guestimates that tens of thousands of websites are <a href="http://blog.amnestyusa.org/lgbt/internet-freedom-in-turkey-system-error/">banned</a>. <i>Milliyet</i> considered, '[t]here is no Internet Censorship; however one million <a href="http://privacy.cyber-rights.org.tr/?p=1466">websites are banned</a>'; and banned websites are in distinguished company, as past victims include the Human Rights Association, the BBC and Google.<br />
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(I think the difference in numbers is due to some banned web addresses being entire platforms (like Blogspot or Youtube), which host many more sites. A (very) full list is available on <a href="http://engelliweb.com/">Engelli Web</a> (via <a 05="" 15="" 2011="" ?="" blogs.wsj.com="" emergingeurope="" href="http://erkansaka.net/archives/8738%3EErkan%20Saka%3C/a%3E).)%3Cbr%20/%3E%3Cbr%20/%3E%3Cu%3EPreparing%20for%20the%2022nd%20of%20August%3C/u%3E%3Cbr%20/%3E%3Cbr%20/%3EThere's%20already%20a%20large%20and%20broad%20protest%20movement%20against%20internet%20censorship%20both%20online%20and%20in%20the%20%3Ca%20href=" http:="" yes-we-ban-turks-protest-internet-censorship="">street</a>, with groups like Censor the Censor (<a href="https://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=34506889592">Sansüre Sansür</a>, which has a <a href="http://www.sansuresansur.org/">website</a> and a <a href="http://sansuresansur.blogspot.com/">blog</a>), and websites like We Are Being Watched (<a href="http://www.izleniyoruz.org/">İzleniyoruz</a>) and Uncensored Internet (<a href="http://www.sansursuzinternet.org.tr/">Sansürsüz İnternet</a>).<br />
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As far as I know, Don't Touch My Internet (<a href="http://internetimedokunma.com/">İnternetime</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/internetimedokunmacom">Dokunma</a>) is a new group against the new movement for more censorship; and you can follow popular discussion via the <a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/search?q=%2322agustos">Twitter hashtag, #22agustos</a>.<br />
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BestVPNService.com has explained <a href="http://www.bestvpnservice.com/blog/what-is-22agustos-internet-censorship-ban-in-turkey">what #22ağustos is</a> and <a href="http://www.bestvpnservice.com/blog/tools-how-to-bypass-turkey-internet-ban-censorship">how to bypass Turkey's internet ban and censorship</a>.<br />
<br />
Sites like <a href="http://atunnel.com/">ATunnel</a> and <a href="http://unblocked.org/">Unblocked.org</a> bypass restrictions on website access (for example, URL and IP-based filters) and hide the user's identity; but as BestVPNService.com noted, 'obviously <a href="http://www.bestvpnservice.com/blog/what-is-22agustos-internet-censorship-ban-in-turkey">Proxy sites</a> will also be banned'.<br />
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BestVPNService.com judged that,<br />
<blockquote>Tor [individual volunteers' computer networking] is no doubt a good resource, but can easily be hijacked, plus can be a pain, when you have high bandwidth needs. I won’t recommend it to you, if you need to make any transaction or transfer any private information, including passwords or high data transfer.</blockquote>So (albeit unsurprisingly), the VPN review website recommended virtual private networks (VPNs).<br />
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I'm getting ready to change my blog (and platform), partly to help me avoid incompetent, indefensible censorship. Even switching platform may not be enough, because <a href="http://ma.tt/2007/08/turkey-update/">Wordpress</a> has also been prohibited in the past. (Global Voices have reviewed the <a href="http://advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org/2007/08/21/turkey-wordpresscom-ban-inspires-firestorm-of-criticism/">case</a>.) But hopefully, there will be some way to <a href="https://lorelle.wordpress.com/2008/06/07/how-to-access-banned-wordpresscom-blogs/">write on</a> and <a href="http://labnol.blogspot.com/2007/08/how-to-read-wordpresscom-blogs-in.html">read</a> Wordpress.samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-9717135066895343202011-05-26T13:45:00.011+01:002011-05-29T17:41:28.357+01:00Viva DPhilYesterday, I spent a lovely day in Brighton - I had (and bizarrely enjoyed) my DPhil viva, then went to the pub and caught up with friends I don't see nearly often enough. Tomorrow, I'll be back in Kayseri, teaching English.<br />
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I began this as a doctoral research blog, and had already been considering changing it (or starting a new one) after my PhD; but <s>now</s> <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2011/05/turkeys-blogger-ban-lifted.html">Turkey<s>'s</s> banned Blogger</a> [for a while], <s>it's</s> [and that] made my decision for me.<br />
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So, at some point in the near future (sooner and more cack-handedly than I'd expected), I'm going to start a new, neater, more general, more informally-written blog on a different platform. I'll find a way to get a post and link on here.<br />
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At some point, I have to sort out the paper and electronic copies of my thesis, but here's the abstract for <i>Interrogating Archaeological Ethics in Conflict Zones: Cultural Heritage Work in Cyprus</i>:<br />
<blockquote>Much affected by viewing the Yugoslav Wars' ruins, I resolved to study archaeology in conflict. I wanted to explore archaeology's role in conflict and archaeologists' responsibilities in conflict zones; but unable to conduct such work in Kosova/Kosovo, I went to Cyprus.<br />
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Drawing together professional documentation and public education, professional and community interactions and interviews, and cultural heritage site visits, I researched the destruction of community places, the looting of cultural heritage, and the coping strategies of archaeologists.<br />
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The key questions of this thesis are:<br />
<ul><li>is it legal and ethical to conduct archaeological work in occupied and secessionist territories?</li>
<li>How is public knowledge of cultural heritage looting and destruction constructed?</li>
<li>What are cultural heritage professionals' responsibilities for knowledge production during conflict? How ought cultural heritage professionals to combat the looting and illicit trading of antiquities?</li>
</ul>I have addressed these questions by concentrating upon cultural heritage workers' narratives of looting and destruction from 1955 until the present in professional discussion and mass education.<br />
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First, I argue that archaeologists have misinterpreted international law, and through boycotting and blacklisting of rescue archaeology in northern Cyprus, harmed both the profession and the cultural heritage.<br />
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Second, I argue that cultural heritage workers have been unwillingly co-opted, or actively complicit in the conflict, in the production of nationalist histories, and thus nationalist communities, therefore in the reproduction of nationalist conflict.<br />
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Third, I argue that cultural heritage workers have knowingly contributed to the conflict and its destruction, through their nationalist policies on the paramilitary-dominated illicit antiquities trade.<br />
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My conclusions are: that an ethical antiquities policy would cut funding to and thereby reduce conflict-fuelling extremist activity; and that, where they have the freedom to practice it, professional and ethical archaeologies of destruction would promote intracommunal and intercommunal peace.</blockquote>samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-7653137917752851252011-05-24T12:00:00.006+01:002011-06-23T12:44:36.519+01:00Translation? Arabic graffiti in Palea Enklistra, CyprusAs well as possibly <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2011/05/information-political-graffiti-on.html">political graffiti</a>, I have some probably religious, Arabic graffiti on Christian buildings - the cave chapel of Palea Enklistra - in Cyprus. Can anyone suggest a translation?<br />
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Hopefully Gavin will understand this better than my worryingly poor face-to-face explanation of my interest in graffiti on cultural heritage sites.<br />
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Apparently, in the 1960s, Turkish Cypriot shepherds defaced every single figure in the wall paintings of the chapel of Palea Enklistra. But I'm more intrigued by acts of disfigurement that were not vandalism - by ones that were 'devotional act[s]' (Plesch, 2005: 185).<br />
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For instance, before the iconoclastic vandalism of the paintings, some visitors to Palea Enklistra had inscribed carvings of the Star of David, ships, a fish and a camel(?), and drawings of horses with riders – perhaps of the mounted Saint George depicted in the chapel (see fig. 1). They were prayers made physical, eternal.<br />
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<center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxrEyb3Z7c1dL2mSfWxIOJD_LYKZ-8o8933VMf-_hG-Fu24KSqbQNr3aIEJg2wRY1MqMMUxdrG53PKAc_t6kJrUfTAL8ih0h4jdFQDMLhAlzBEPlzbNxFZAfCNMnz1PSmRA_txEw/s1600/PICT0112+crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style=""><img border="0" height="251" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxrEyb3Z7c1dL2mSfWxIOJD_LYKZ-8o8933VMf-_hG-Fu24KSqbQNr3aIEJg2wRY1MqMMUxdrG53PKAc_t6kJrUfTAL8ih0h4jdFQDMLhAlzBEPlzbNxFZAfCNMnz1PSmRA_txEw/s320/PICT0112+crop.jpg" /></a><br />
Figure 1: devotional acts of disfigurement, Palea Enklistra</center><br />
Some of these may have been Greek Cypriot Orthodox graffiti; but some were Arabic inscriptions (see fig. 2), and some included Arabic inscriptions (or had Arabic inscriptions added to them), like the one inside the Star of David in the top left corner of figure 1 (see fig. 3).<br />
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[21st June 2011 update; 23rd June 2011 correction]<br />
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Over on <a href="http://www.cyprus-forum.com/cyprus34609.html#p679589">Cyprus Forum</a>, Denizaksulu <s>has</s> [and Emma Ruby have] identified the inscription inside the Star of David as the graffiti artist's name, <s>Muhammed</s> ['<a href="http://www.cyprus-forum.com/cyprus34609-20.html#p679850">Muhsin</a>'] (though the surname is unreadable).<br />
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[Original post continued...]<br />
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<center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghjPm3HktGrivubvrncrHa-Mk7tpEAl1zNdC8jWYZPX7WaDiBWurpn7NkCZDTQS6ajP7p4llzPoa4v3oeJN2v7FhDdSO2Z2EV9SRA9AxWKPlimcbCGUdTc9fTYbegxTOqXWWiHYA/s1600/PICT0111+tight+crop.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghjPm3HktGrivubvrncrHa-Mk7tpEAl1zNdC8jWYZPX7WaDiBWurpn7NkCZDTQS6ajP7p4llzPoa4v3oeJN2v7FhDdSO2Z2EV9SRA9AxWKPlimcbCGUdTc9fTYbegxTOqXWWiHYA/s320/PICT0111+tight+crop.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
Figure 2: Arabic inscription on Ayios Ermolaos (Saint Ermolaos), Palea Enklistra chapel</center><br />
<center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjff0G3_BOi4f1xLUJdfjxSCrqEcRZhkpiNhHtL_TTuH9teH4THeIDnLk24yGcIZJgZp37TqvV_WKilIDO4J2rKievZ1nvKYJYJeOUJWC5r20u3Eyk9t-sDp3kwhKcqTQbDKfujDw/s1600/PICT0112+tight+crop.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjff0G3_BOi4f1xLUJdfjxSCrqEcRZhkpiNhHtL_TTuH9teH4THeIDnLk24yGcIZJgZp37TqvV_WKilIDO4J2rKievZ1nvKYJYJeOUJWC5r20u3Eyk9t-sDp3kwhKcqTQbDKfujDw/s320/PICT0112+tight+crop.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
Figure 3: Arabic inscription in a Star of David in the hands of a saint (Ayios Admidios/Damiaios - Saint Adam/Damian?), Palea Enklistra</center><br />
If you're still here, do you have any idea what this graffito means (see fig. 4); or even which language it is in?<br />
<br />
It's in Limassol, and it was written on a wall of the Hellas Guest House (by one of its residents?); but unfortunately I don't know anything about these scripts. As far as I know, it could be anything from Arabic to Urdu.<br />
<br />
[21st June 2011 update]<br />
<br />
Denizaksulu was also able to translate this <a href="http://www.cyprus-forum.com/cyprus34609.html#p679589">graffiti</a>: it's 'the word for <i>God/Allah</i> and then <i>Palestine</i>'.<br />
<br />
[Original post continued...]<br />
<br />
<center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaSiYIA3fNqwvbVer9Z1EAvnTSkYZXthKdoVo16oaB6_VqID_IIRFHvrouQeVwmyMyX-1X4SmwjuCia95cIEuDLl5RxUfNZdnOo3MjIkSz3-LIGuBG_8AJ-R9rA9-5jH9DnrVMQw/s1600/PICT0030+saturated+contrast+crop.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaSiYIA3fNqwvbVer9Z1EAvnTSkYZXthKdoVo16oaB6_VqID_IIRFHvrouQeVwmyMyX-1X4SmwjuCia95cIEuDLl5RxUfNZdnOo3MjIkSz3-LIGuBG_8AJ-R9rA9-5jH9DnrVMQw/s320/PICT0030+saturated+contrast+crop.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
Figure 4: Arabic graffito on the Hellas Guest House, Limassol</center><br />
<u>Sources</u><br />
<br />
Plesch, V. 2005: "Body of evidence: Devotional graffiti in a Piedmontese chapel." In Heusser, M, Hannoosh, M, Haskell, E, Hoek, L, Scott, D and de Voogd, P, (Eds.). <i>On verbal / visual representation: Word & image interactions IV</i>, 179-191. Amsterdam: Rodopi.samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-65627714432946660432011-05-24T08:00:00.010+01:002011-06-21T19:37:29.607+01:00Information? Political graffiti on Christian buildings, CyprusI have very little internet access in Turkey, and Blogger's (<s>currently</s> [no longer]) <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2011/05/turkeys-blogger-ban-lifted.html">banned</a>. But I'm in the UK for my viva, so I can post these photos of political(?) graffiti on Christian buildings in Cyprus - and appeal for information!<br />
<br />
I've also got some <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2011/05/translation-arabic-graffiti-in-palea.html">religious(?) Arabic graffiti on Christian buildings</a>.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
There is a Greek Cypriot Orthodox church in Lapithos/Lapta (which has been converted into the Lapithos Ballet Section of the Kyrenia Music Education Centre), on which someone has written 'enough [yeter]' and painted an open hand (see fig. 1).<br />
<br />
<center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP15RLaXqkpDLaYapQaC0b9zIsPyEqVgenYFGJje-5DuCUzN1fYZYqXl94O1WFbDV03oDbGqG-FqYn2gTVHB3LnuGEcEcxPrHjl1RpE1GWA-XS1kWUaXK7ueEsJe0Oxeu-LZ_8Vg/s1600/2008_03270021+saturated+contrast.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP15RLaXqkpDLaYapQaC0b9zIsPyEqVgenYFGJje-5DuCUzN1fYZYqXl94O1WFbDV03oDbGqG-FqYn2gTVHB3LnuGEcEcxPrHjl1RpE1GWA-XS1kWUaXK7ueEsJe0Oxeu-LZ_8Vg/s320/2008_03270021+saturated+contrast.jpg" width="240" /></a><br />
Figure 1: open hand painting and 'yeter' inscription, Lapithos/Lapta</center><br />
When I first saw this (walking past), I thought it was the Hand of Fatima (also known as the Hand of the Prophet), which would have been a charm to protect the building against envious or hateful people's curses of harm or misfortune.<br />
<br />
However, when I looked at it, the writing looked less like Arabic and more like 'DMP [Demokratik Mücadele Partisi/Demokratik Mücadele Platformu (Democratic Struggle Party/Democratic Struggle Platform)]', which was a coalition of opposition against then undemocratic, nationalist rule in northern Cyprus.<br />
<br />
Again, when I first saw this, I thought 'enough' was an appeal against desecration of other communities' sacred places.<br />
<br />
But 'yeter' could also be a reference to the Cypriot Youth Platform's appeals to the former paramilitary, nationalist president Rauf Denktaş, '<a href="http://www.cypriot.org.uk/Documents/Haber/13-Aralik.htm">artık yeter</a>! Söz gençliğin istifa et ve önümüzü aç! [Enough is enough! Promise to resign and open us youth's way!]' (Işık, 2003).<br />
<br />
There is another painting of an open hand on the perimeter walls of the Greek Cypriot cemetery in Lefkoniko/Geçitkale, with more (to me, unreadable) graffiti (see fig. 2a); and next to it, there is a (clearer, but separately-written and more recent) DMP tag (see fig. 2b).<br />
<br />
<center><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitZ2TBh-Mdz-cNZhzVyN26wD9LvoOlgWzIfn0V0EiIHv23AEzcbIhY3ZgPI8mCNNSObjAP251atKDTLmF4vej8HI9scFwCJygMggJqBjWHgkTquqjR5xIbMF6kQInmdENLAft2aQ/s1600/IMAG0629+crop+Hand+of+Fatima+saturated+contrast.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitZ2TBh-Mdz-cNZhzVyN26wD9LvoOlgWzIfn0V0EiIHv23AEzcbIhY3ZgPI8mCNNSObjAP251atKDTLmF4vej8HI9scFwCJygMggJqBjWHgkTquqjR5xIbMF6kQInmdENLAft2aQ/s320/IMAG0629+crop+Hand+of+Fatima+saturated+contrast.jpg" width="184" /></a><br />
Figure 2a: open hand painting, Lefkoniko/Geçitkale<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmxoihWj-oNGwX4Ch-P3s-OLZWBE1JcPV16T_rBN88_ZCm0e4hyphenhyphenB3ne42hxaYpAgsQ3JZDGHo-SahwkA98jhwFTtVSz1Sk4MHk2J125eiuPt0fWRdvAy7wnoBOCLF8k3rQIV9OeA/s1600/IMAG0629+crop+contrast.jpg" imageanchor="1" style=""><img border="0" height="320" width="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmxoihWj-oNGwX4Ch-P3s-OLZWBE1JcPV16T_rBN88_ZCm0e4hyphenhyphenB3ne42hxaYpAgsQ3JZDGHo-SahwkA98jhwFTtVSz1Sk4MHk2J125eiuPt0fWRdvAy7wnoBOCLF8k3rQIV9OeA/s320/IMAG0629+crop+contrast.jpg" /></a><br />
Figure 2b: DMP tag next to the open hand painting, Lefkoniko/Geçitkale</center><br />
If anyone knows what these are, I'd love to hear!<br />
<br />
[21st June 2011 update]<br />
<br />
Reaasuringly, fellow Cyprus Forum member Denizaksulu has observed that:<br />
<blockquote>The hand could be an emblem of some party, but not so sure. If the fingers were wide spread, it would be an offensive gesture, but these do look like the <a href="http://www.cyprus-forum.com/cyprus34609.html#p679589">hand of Fatima</a>.</blockquote><u>Sources</u><br />
<br />
Işık, A. 2003: "Artık yeter!" <u>Kıbrıs</u>, 13. Aralık. Şu adreste bulunabilir: <a href="http://www.cypriot.org.uk/Documents/Haber/13-Aralik.htm">http://www.cypriot.org.uk/Documents/Haber/13-Aralik.htm</a><br />
<br />
Thompson, C J S. 2003 [1932]: <i>The Hand of Destiny: The folk-lore and superstitions of everyday life</i>. Kila: Kessinger Publishing.samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-28868983853526813862011-04-27T11:30:00.004+01:002011-04-27T17:55:21.002+01:00stupid injunctions: Israeli bloggers to be prosecuted for linking?In a potentially worrying development, Israeli bloggers will apparently be prosecuted for <i>linking</i> to foreign websites that contain information suppressed within Israel.<br />
<br />
(Some pro-suppression Israeli journalists have even wondered how to 'prevent the Google search engine from violating <a href="http://www.richardsilverstein.com/tikun_olam/2011/04/26/israeli-bloggers-linking-to-tikun-olam-threatened-with-criminal-offense/">gag orders</a>'.)<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
There was an Israeli court order preventing the naming of an alleged rapist; and U.S.-based Richard Silverstein's progressive Zionist blog, Tikun Olam ("Mend the World"), named an <a href="http://www.richardsilverstein.com/tikun_olam/2011/04/24/israeli-tv-reporter-accused-of-rape-alleged-crime-and-identity-under-gag-till-now/">Israeli TV reporter</a> [name deleted].<br />
<br />
Then Israeli attorney Chaim Ravia stated that it was 'a <a href="http://www.richardsilverstein.com/tikun_olam/2011/04/26/israeli-bloggers-linking-to-tikun-olam-threatened-with-criminal-offense/">criminal act to <i>link</i></a> to any form of media anywhere in the world which breaks the gag'.<br />
<br />
For years (and especially now) there have been problems with British libel law, and with <i>some</i> of the <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/oct/13/super-injunctions-guardian-carter-ruck">legal injunctions</a> against naming people or institutions accused of crimes; and there has been controversy over the legality of download sites like <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/mar/22/isps-urged-to-block-filesharing-sites">Pirate Bay</a> (which simply host <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/mar/30/pirate-bay-facebook">links</a> to data).<br />
<br />
On Have I Got News For You (22nd April 2011), <i>Private Eye</i> editor Ian Hislop pointed out that 'one day a proper case will come along where we need to know what's happening and we won't be able to 'cause of these <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A3EqO9j0r98">stupid injunctions</a>' against potential libel.<br />
<br />
[5.30pm update]<br />
<br />
However, it is worth noting a comment on Silverstein's original name-and-shame post. Raphael explained that:<br />
<blockquote><a href="http://www.richardsilverstein.com/tikun_olam/2011/04/24/israeli-tv-reporter-accused-of-rape-alleged-crime-and-identity-under-gag-till-now/comment-page-1/#comment-219732">Even is not a defendant</a>, at least not yet. The law allows a gag order on a suspect's name only until such time that he/she is formally charged in court and then the gag must be lifted.<br />
<br />
This supposedly balances defendants' right to their reputation in case the charges aren't followed in court, and the public's right to be informed of legal procedures.</blockquote>So, actually, I don't see the need to break the injunction and name the accused, but uncharged, person. I still think the ban on linking is silly, if nothing else (because the information is just as easily searched).<br />
<br />
Leonid Levin observed that, in the Netherlands,<br />
<blockquote>the <a href="http://www.richardsilverstein.com/tikun_olam/2011/04/24/israeli-tv-reporter-accused-of-rape-alleged-crime-and-identity-under-gag-till-now/comment-page-1/#comment-219711">identity of the accused</a> is normally protected by the media by only reporting the first name and the initial letter of the last name.... Even after the court verdict, the full name is not always revealed.</blockquote>Britain considered <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2010/jul/08/rape-defendants-anonymous-protests">pre-charge anonymity for alleged rapists</a>; but that plan was challenged as misogynistic (as there were no plans for pre-charge anonymity for <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/law/2010/jul/29/anonymity-defendants-rape-cases-coalition">alleged paedophiles or murderers</a>).<br />
<br />
Personally, I think that's more of an argument <i>for</i> consistent pre-charge anonymity for people accused of these kinds of crimes; but then the discussion is no longer about protecting socially and politically important investigations, or free speech, so it's no longer relevant on this blog.<br />
<br />
I've deleted the name of the accused from this post. I don't want to be part of any trial-by-media.samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-71526391923252245672011-04-23T16:00:00.003+01:002011-04-23T16:00:09.560+01:00fourth not blogging about blogging archaeology<a href="http://middlesavagery.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/blogging_archaeology.jpg"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1051" height="55" src="http://middlesavagery.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/blogging_archaeology.jpg?w=350&h=55" title="blogging_archaeology" width="385" /></a><br />
The <a href="https://middlesavagery.wordpress.com/2011/03/22/blogging-archaeology-week-4/">fourth question</a> was:<br />
<blockquote>"the act of publication for this blog carnival. How could we best capture the interplay, the multimedia experience of blogging as a more formalized publication? What would be the best outcome for this collection of insights from archaeological bloggers?"</blockquote><a name='more'></a><br />
Not having taken part in the carnival, it's not my place to say; but <a href="http://scienceblogs.com/aardvarchaeology/2011/03/should_i_put_together_an_aard.php">Martin Rundkvist</a> has been considering a free e-book of his blogging, and that (or something of that sort, like papers derived from the carnival participants) sounds appropriate.<br />
<br />
I also quite like the idea of a group blog or blog network (with or without its readers' open review); but as I said, it's not my place, I'm not that bothered anyway, and <a href="https://middlesavagery.wordpress.com/2011/03/31/blogging-archaeology-week-5-finished/">Middle Savagery</a> has rounded up the participants' ideas.<br />
<br />
I've enjoyed following it, and it's helped me think about ways to present and provide my work in the future; so thank you, one and all. I might use my blog as a more general site for work, news and links, with papers as documents on <a href="http://scribd.com/">Scribd</a> and even as videos on <a href="http://www.xtranormal.com/">Xtranormal</a>.<br />
<br />
But for now, I must read up on <a href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=facial-hair-in-turkish-politics-a-tale-of-moustaches-and-men-2010-08-06">Turkish political parties</a>' <a href="http://erkansaka.net/archives/4522">moustache polemics</a>.samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-39849098537744355122011-04-23T15:00:00.005+01:002011-04-23T15:00:09.591+01:00third not blogging about archaeology<a href="http://middlesavagery.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/blogging_archaeology.jpg"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1051" height="55" src="http://middlesavagery.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/blogging_archaeology.jpg?w=350&h=55" title="blogging_archaeology" width="385" /></a><br />
The <a href="https://middlesavagery.wordpress.com/2011/03/14/blogging-archaeology-week-3/">third question</a> (in Middle Savagery's public forum on blogging archaeology) was:<br />
<blockquote>'.... most archaeological blogs that I read have very little in the way of dialog through comments. Often on this blog, I feel like I am talking to myself, which in a way is catharsis, but if an archaeology blogger writes and no one reacts, are we really changing opinions or moving the field forward?' [<a href="http://www.diggirl.com/2011/03/blogging-archaeology-week-2.html">Dig Girl</a>]<br />
<br />
I would add to this, how do you attract readership? Without too much in the way of SEO chatter, who is your audience and how to you interact with this audience? What do you want out of interactivity by means of blogging about archaeology?</blockquote><a name='more'></a><br />
<u>(The lack of) comments and conversation</u><br />
<br />
<i>Electric Archaeologist</i> Shawn Graham produced a really nice Gephi image of the interconnections between carnie bloggers, which showed how ideas flowed through conversations within the archaeological community (or at least down-the-line through "overheard (read)" quotations.<br />
<br />
More generally, I'm now envious of Bill Caraher, who does ancient <a href="https://mediterraneanworld.wordpress.com/2011/03/15/blogging-archaeology-and-comments/">Mediterranean archaeology</a> and gets 70-100 hits a day; and Johan Normark, who gets 250-350 hits and 'one or two' comments a day on his blog on <a href="https://haecceities.wordpress.com/2011/03/19/attracting-readers/">neorealistic archaeology</a>.<br />
<br />
I thought that between people interested in modern Mediterranean archaeology, crime and violence, and the affected communities, my blog would have a wide audience, but I only get about 25-30 hits a day; and I've only had about a hundred comments in the five-and-a-half years I've been blogging <i>Cultural Heritage in Conflict</i> (about 1.5 a month).<br />
<br />
As <a href="https://matthewlaw.wordpress.com/2011/03/17/blogging-archaeology-3-audiences-and-comments/">Matthew Law</a> and <a href="http://alunsalt.com/2011/03/18/blogging-archaeology-week-3-if-i-were-after-more-comments-heres-what-id-do/">Alun Salt</a> observed, people tend to comment on Twitter and Facebook rather than on blogs; and as always, Alun explains why really well. I reckon <a href="http://alunsalt.com/2011/03/18/blogging-archaeology-week-3-if-i-were-after-more-comments-heres-what-id-do/#comment-3559">Mick Morrison</a>'s comment on Alun's post is right too, and my blog posts are discouragingly long.<br />
<br />
Still, Saving Antiquities For Everyone (SAFE) lists my work as a resource on the <a href="http://www.savingantiquities.org/resourceschindanger.php">looting crisis and the antiquities trade</a>; and I know at least one university has used my blog in its cultural management courses.<br />
<br />
Aside from blogrolls and other such generic nods, I've met people I respected and found out that they read my blog. Once, I approached someone and asked them something about a cultural heritage site and they replied, "are you Sam Hardy?"<br />
<br />
So people are reading and using my blog; and as one of Alun's links shows, maybe I shouldn't be so worried about <a href="http://www.useit.com/alertbox/participation_inequality.html">online participation</a>. But still, how do - and how <i>should</i> - I sell myself?<br />
<br />
<u>Blog-whoring</u><br />
<br />
Unlike John Lowe (and I guess a lot of others), I don't <a href="https://whereinthehellami.wordpress.com/2011/03/18/blogging-archaeology-week-3-is-this-thing-on/">post links on <i>my</i> Facebook</a> (though they are available on Facebook through the <a href="http://apps.facebook.com/blognetworks/blog/human_rights_archaeology_cultural_heritage_in_conflict/">NetworkedBlogs</a> app; and I <a href="https://twitter.com/samarkeolog">Twitter</a> on about my posts). I just think my work (at least my work-in-progress) is of too niche interest.<br />
<br />
I don't think that many of my random friends would be interested in Cypriot conflict archaeology, that many of my Eastern Mediterranean friends would be interested in studies of antiquities catalogues, or that many of my archaeologist friends would be interested in Cypriot paramilitary graffiti; so this way I avoid the awkward silences.<br />
<br />
Unlike Terry Brock, I get so little traffic from Twitter and Facebook that I can't <a href="http://dirt.terrypbrock.com/2011/03/beyond-the-blog-using-social-media-to-enhance-conversation/">generate conversation or feedback</a>. (Still, maybe I should set up a Facebook page.)<br />
<br />
I tried to engage with people on <a href="http://www.topix.com/member/profile/samarkeolog">Topix</a>; but spontaneous, <a href="http://www.topix.com/forum/world/cyprus/T69DR4A6LL52HBE3K/post1">civilised discourse</a> was meaninglessly short-lived. Nationalists soured the air with keyboard-punched (spelling-corrected) threats like 'don't go near a <a href="http://www.topix.com/forum/world/cyprus/T88HGAM89MQIB0MTU/post195">flagpole</a>, for you it would definitely be dangerous'. (tl;dr <a href="#fn1" name="fr1">fn1</a>)<br />
<br />
Still, I've had more success, and more fun, talking with local, refugee and emigrant Cypriots in the Cyprus Forum about <a href="http://www.cyprus-forum.com/viewtopic.php?t=25133">Greek Cypriot</a> and <a href="http://www.cyprus-forum.com/viewtopic.php?t=20572">Turkish Cypriot</a> religious heritage, <a href="http://www.cyprus-forum.com/viewtopic.php?t=15804">burned villages</a> and the <a href="http://www.cyprus-forum.com/viewtopic.php?t=17978">illicit antiquities trade</a>. Even at the best of times, it had its brain-hurtingly bad moments; but it did reassure me that online outreach could be very effective.<br />
<br />
Maybe I'll mothball this once my thesis is online and start a new, more accessible and engaging blog.<br />
<br />
<u>Footnotes</u><br />
<br />
<a href="#fr1" name="fn1">fn1</a>: that was a charming reference to a Greek Cypriot, <a href="https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Solomos_Solomou">Solomos Solomou</a>, murdered on the orders of the Turkish deep state.<br />
<br />
Solomou died protesting against the death of his cousin, <a href="https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Tassos_Isaac">Tassos Isaac</a>, who was beaten to death by the <a href="http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/tcpr/1996/96-11-27.tcpr.html#02">remorseless</a> leader of the (Turkish) Grey Wolves (which are a <a href="http://www.indymedia.org.uk/media/2006/12/358945.pdf">Turkish Deep State paramilitary</a> (PDF)), (Turkish Cypriot) police officers and retired Secret Service officers, and others.<br />
<br />
Greek Cypriot Police identified Solomou's killers as <a href="http://greekcypriot.blogspot.com/2009/02/killer-is-candidate-in-upcoming-trnc.html">remorseless</a> Turkish Cypriot government minister Kenan Akın and security forces chief Erdal Haciali Emanet (and their accomplices as members of the Turkish occupation forces, and the Turkish Cypriot police).<br />
<br />
Akın confessed to the shooting, and was later arrested in Turkey for <a href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=QT&reference=H-2004-0370&language=EN">smuggling</a>; but he was released despite the Interpol arrest warrant for murder.<br />
<br />
<i><a href="http://www.sabah.com.tr/2009/04/13/haber,CDFDBCD7C37742109945F882490FAF0A.html">Sabah</a></i> named one of the suspects in the Solomou murder, (the Turkish occupying forces' commander) Hasan Kundakçı, as an Ergenekonist (ultranationalist coupist). (The article's still available elsewhere: "the Ergenekonists' 'PhD' place, Cyprus [<a href="https://encrypted.google.com/search?q="ergenekoncularin+doktora+yeri+kibris">Ergenekoncuların 'doktora' yeri Kıbrıs</a>]".)<br />
<br />
And, discussing the Turkish deep state murder of Turkish Cypriot journalist Kutlu Adalı, former Famagusta police chief Tema Irkad stated that '<a href="http://www.cyprusaction.org/humanrights/terrorism/adali/adaliaktuel.html">Kundakci gave the command</a> [to kill Solomou] personally, "Take him down", he said, and the police chief Erdal Emanet pulled the trigger'.samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-77594230470443836862011-04-15T14:00:00.122+01:002011-04-23T00:40:07.026+01:00second not blogging about blogging archaeologyBrenna, I warn you now, tl;dr - <i>tlll;drrr</i>...<br />
<br />
<a href="http://middlesavagery.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/blogging_archaeology.jpg"><img alt="" class="alignnone sizehttp://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=17744269&postID=7759423047044383686-full wp-image-1051" height="55" src="http://middlesavagery.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/blogging_archaeology.jpg?w=350&h=55" title="blogging_archaeology" width="385" /></a><br />
The end of the <a href="https://middlesavagery.wordpress.com/2011/03/06/blogging-archaeology-week-2/">second question</a>/paragraph (in Middle Savagery's public forum/carnival for <a href="http://passiminpassing.blogspot.com/2011/03/blogging-archaeology-reckoning.html">blogging archaeology</a>) was:<br />
<blockquote>.... Blogging archaeology is often fraught with tensions that are sometimes not immediately apparent. Beyond the general problems that come with performing as a public intellectual, what risks do archaeologists take when they make themselves available to the public via blogging?<br />
<br />
What (if any) are the unexpected consequences of blogging? How do you choose what to share?</blockquote><a name='more'></a><br />
My name is associated with the blog (even if I normally use my online name - samarkeolog - to reduce Google pollution), and my research is presented through it (which is a statement of the obvious, but worth making when "conclusion blogging" is mixed with "work-in-progress blogging").<br />
<br />
So I suppose I am at fairly well-placed to answer this.<br />
<br />
<u>Making myself available to the public</u><br />
<br />
Understandably enough, I've had readers ask for both more and less blogging about life on fieldwork, and the process of gathering information. However, I don't really make myself available to the public in that way. I don't blog personal conversations, or irrelevant personal experiences.<br />
<br />
I don't blog (or otherwise use) relevant professional conversations with friends. Partly, I don't want to blur the lines between being a friend and being a researcher; and partly, I don't want others to confuse my friends with my sources. (Indeed, I don't want my friends to mistake themselves for my sources.)<br />
<br />
I might blog (or otherwise use) a professional conversation with a colleague, or with a friend-who-is-a-pro (if it was clearly an on-duty discussion); but then (like always), I would anonymise my sources. So, I risk my reputation, but not my friends' or colleagues'.<br />
<br />
<u>Exposing myself in public</u><br />
<br />
<i>Humiliation</i><br />
<br />
I dread seeing the Sitemeter hits for this post. Again, I agree with <a href="http://www.diggirl.com/2011/03/blogging-archaeology-week-2.html">Dig Girl</a>: as I said in answer to the first question (about the benefits of blogging), I've been corrected - and it was painful when my most serious errors were corrected in <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2007/01/blog-kosovo-corrections-updates.html">humiliating fashion</a>, but taking the pain preserved or even earned the (moderate) community's trust.<br />
<br />
(Similarly, like Shawn Graham, I've used my blog to <a href="https://electricarchaeologist.wordpress.com/2011/03/10/blogging-archaeology-at-the-saa-what-do-you-blog/">chronicle failure</a>.)<br />
<br />
The next two examples are connected with the general problems of being a 'public intellectual' but, in both examples, blogging made me a target; and in the second example, blogging was my only practical (though ineffectual) way of defending myself.<br />
<br />
In the last bit, I - almost meaninglessly briefly - note one of my blogging's consequences for my work, then pussyfoot around the issue of self-censorship.<br />
<br />
<i>Fieldwork</i><br />
<br />
When I was visiting negative cultural heritage sites - places associated with traumatic histories - in south-eastern Turkey, I was spotted and picked up off the street by an illegal (supposedly counter-terrorism) intelligence unit. As far as I can tell, they knew who I was from my blogging (<a href="#fn1" name="fr1">fn1</a>).<br />
<br />
They repeatedly detained me, searched me, my bags, hotel room and computer, and <a href="http://samarkeolog.blogspot.com/2007/07/siirt-jitem-questioning.html">questioned me (tl;dr)</a>; destroyed my research permit (which was issued after they'd begun harassing me); then told me to get out. (And I did. I recently had an opportunity to teach English around there, but didn't even take that.)<br />
<br />
(<a href="https://haecceities.wordpress.com/2011/03/06/consequences-of-blogging/">Johan Normark</a> and <a href="https://pseudoastro.wordpress.com/2010/06/02/ah-the-joys-of-stepping-on-someones-toes-terry-nazon-redux/">Stuart Robbins</a> have faced another online community's wrath.)<br />
<br />
<i>Academia</i><br />
<br />
Last year, I presented a conference paper on <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2010/04/archaeology-conflict-antiquities-rescue.html">archaeology in conflict, and antiquities rescue</a>. A <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2010/04/trnc-rep-kufi-seydali-political.html">professional troublemaker</a>, who I think knew about me from my blogging, slandered me; then one of his friends libelled me in newspapers from Britain to Turkey and started a(n unsuccessful) campaign against me; and all I could do was put up corrective blog posts.<br />
<br />
<i>Work; and self-censorship</i><br />
<br />
It's a far longer story, which for immediately obvious reasons I cannot discuss here, but an academic cited something I'd said on my blog as the first reason they couldn't be the local contact for an international postdoctoral research funding application.<br />
<br />
That was doubly negative, because not only was I unable to apply for that research funding, but also I was unable to publicly discuss (blog about) my inability to make the application (in any more detail than this uselessly generic statement).<br />
<br />
(Also, Michael Smith observed that blogging could get archaeologists into trouble directly with 'agencies and governments that are responsible for <a href="http://publishingarchaeology.blogspot.com/2011/03/risks-and-unexpected-consequences-of.html">funding and overseeing archaeological research</a>'.)<br />
<br />
Everybody self-censors to some extent for certain reasons and, as <a href="http://ht.ly/4bBgJ">Terry Brock</a> and <a href="http://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=834">Michigan State University archaeologists</a> noted, for all archaeologists, those reasons should include avoiding making looting easier, and avoiding unnecessary offence to affected communities (though <i>someone</i> will always take offence at <i>something</i>).<br />
<br />
I agree with <a href="http://mickmorrison.com/?p=583">Mick Morrison</a> and <a href="http://dirt.terrypbrock.com/2011/03/they-pick-you-maintaining-integrity-while-blogging-archaeology/">Terry Brock</a> that blogging should be 'professional', and with much of what the <a href="http://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=834">MSU archaeologists</a> say.<br />
<br />
I especially support Katy Meyers' demand for blogging 'that is both understandable and shows the construction of our arguments'; and I share <a href="http://www.diggirl.com/2011/03/blogging-archaeology.html">Dig Girl</a>'s hope for blogging that 'promotes public outreach and transparency'.<br />
<br />
I also support the first nine of Kristin Sewell's 'ten rules to blog by'. However, Sewell's tenth rule was,<br />
<blockquote>Protect your future - Don't give future employers a reason to eliminate you from the hiring pool and don't give colleagues a reason to suspect lapses in your otherwise sound judgment'.</blockquote>Others (there and elsewhere) gave similar advice, like <a href="http://dirt.terrypbrock.com/2011/03/they-pick-you-maintaining-integrity-while-blogging-archaeology/">Brock</a>, who also self-censors to avoid potential employers 'find[ing] a reason to not hire [him]', or 'unsavory types' finding a reason to waste his time.<br />
<br />
I don't want any of the people I've just quoted to sound bad. As I say, <i>everyone</i> self-censors to some extent. (I like to tell myself that my self-censorship enables me to gather information, and to be in a position to use it to benefit the affected communities in the future.)<br />
<br />
I'm not even sure if I disagree with them at all - and if I do, it's only a matter of <i>how much</i> self-censorship is tolerable. Still, self-censorship does worry me.<br />
<br />
I guess if an individual or an institution would've denied me a job for a politely-expressed, professionally-written blog post, I wouldn't've wanted to get the job, in which I would've had to continue to censor myself, and to endure working in such an intellectually-oppressive environment.<br />
<br />
Then again, I've never actually lost a job for academic indiscretion - "only" the chance to apply for one - so maybe I would feel differently if, like Matthew Law, I or someone I knew had been <a href="https://matthewlaw.wordpress.com/2011/03/07/blogging-archaeology-%E2%80%93-unintended-consequences-a-coward-writes/">dismissed</a>.<br />
<br />
<a href="#fr1" name="fn1">fn1</a>: My best guess is that they knew who I was (or at least cared who I was) because of my blog. I hadn't presented any papers on my research - indeed, while I'd visited northern Cyprus, I hadn't even started my research there; and I was living in Turkey as a language student.<br />
<br />
I had bumped into (other, "normal") <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2007/05/turkey-fieldwork-notes-military-karkam.html">secret police</a> elsewhere. However, I had blogged about the discovery of an <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2007/06/turkey-fieldwork-notes-mass-grave.html">Armenian Genocide mass grave</a>, and the <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2007/05/turkey-fieldwork-notes-grave-excavation.html">closing down of the Kurdish newspaper</a> that reported it; I'd photoblogged my visits to "<a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2007/05/kiledar-warred-village-resettled.html">warred villages</a>" of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict...samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-57403952342608218232011-04-01T13:00:00.006+01:002011-04-23T00:39:13.033+01:00first not blogging about blogging archaeology<a href="http://middlesavagery.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/blogging_archaeology.jpg"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1051" height="55" src="http://middlesavagery.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/blogging_archaeology.jpg?w=350&h=55" title="blogging_archaeology" width="385" /></a><br />
@<a href="http://alunsalt.com/2011/03/18/blogging-archaeology-week-2-the-unexpected-consequences-of-blogging/">alun</a> may not quite have kept up, and @<a href="http://passiminpassing.blogspot.com/2011/03/blogging-archaeology-reckoning.html">brennawalks</a> may have skipped week 3; but I've missed the whole event.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
Ahead of a session on Blogging Archaeology at the 2011 Society for American Archaeology Meeting, <a href="https://middlesavagery.wordpress.com/">Middle Savagery</a> ran a four-week blog carnival.<br />
<br />
Like Brenna, I fear 'being so <a href="http://passiminpassing.blogspot.com/2011/02/oho-something-of-challenge.html">meta-</a> that I entirely cease to exist'; but anyway... I thought I'd give a nod to the carnival, and take the prompt to answer the questions.<br />
<br />
The <a href="https://middlesavagery.wordpress.com/2011/02/27/blogging-archaeology-the-carnival/">first question</a> was:<br />
<blockquote>The emergence of the short form, or blog entry, is becoming a popular way to transmit a wide range of archaeological knowledge. What is the place of this conversation within academic, professional, and public discourse? Simply put, what can the short form do for archaeology?</blockquote><u>Style</u><br />
<br />
I agree with Brenna's "meta" post; though my blog tends to concentrate on stuff I <i>could</i> - and <i>should</i> (also) - share in another (more academic) format. (<a href="#fn1" name="fr1">fn1</a>) I also agree with <a href="http://www.diggirl.com/2011/03/blogging-archaeology.html">Dig Girl</a>.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately (a word I fear would be very large in any word cloud of this blog), because of the stuff I write about and the people who read it, I cannot normally write in a conversational style.<br />
<br />
That does frustrate me, because no-one benefits from this (particular) restriction on my writing. I object to having to think and write defensively, but accept that some of it serves a purpose, and some of it comes with the territory.<br />
<br />
Yet some of the minutiae-spotted, digression-riddled blogging is unreadable for professionals, let alone for the public (and I want to blog primarily to interact with the affected communities).<br />
<br />
Even saying that someone '<a href="http://alifodez-community-cultural-heritage.blogspot.com/2009/01/eliophotes-buildings-6a.html">must have meant</a>' one thing rather than another (when one thing would have been a relevant truth and the other a nonsensical typo) has earned me the attention of <a href="http://www.cyprus-forum.com/post-459761.html#459761">nationalists</a> eager to discredit me and my work.<br />
<br />
<u>Content</u><br />
<br />
My work is not <i>very</i> archaeological, so I'm not sure I'm best placed to say what blogging can do for "proper" archaeology.<br />
<br />
Still, perhaps most importantly of all, I have been corrected - in a way that I can acknowledge and discuss in public - before false information entered any "permanent" record. (I do hope this post doesn't end up peppered with speech marks.)<br />
<br />
I have also been given information by <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2009/06/bulgarian-multiart-kintex-illicit.html">professionals</a> and members of the public (including <a href="http://samarkeolog.blogspot.com/2008/02/sourp-magar-armenian-monastery-armenian.html">long-lost relatives</a> who have bumped into each other in the comments).<br />
<br />
I have even built working relationships with nationalists who had disagreed with my work and tried to disrupt others doing similar work (or work in similar ways), but who nonetheless recognised that I was committed to truth and justice, and trusted me with <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2010/04/archaeology-conflict-antiquities-rescue.html">sensitive information</a>.<br />
<br />
Notably, all of those things have depended upon public access to "unpublished" material (material not published in a scholarly manner).<br />
<br />
<a href="#fr1" name="fn1">fn1</a>: I do have one eternally forthcoming publication (out of my hands), another I will soon be ready to submit for publication, and odds and ends I will soon be trying to stitch together to create the vague impression of an article. Apart from those, my thesis will eventually be dumped online.samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-25572571433696179742011-03-31T16:30:00.000+01:002011-03-31T17:37:26.374+01:00Kayseri'ye gidiyorum (I'm going to Kayseri)!Finally, I've got a proper, full-time job. I'm going to be teaching English in <a href="https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Kayseri">Kayseri</a>, a very modern city in central Anatolia, Turkey. It's near magnificent <a href="https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Mount_Erciyes">Mount Erciyes</a>, from the peak of which you can see both the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-23637378063262842072011-03-23T14:35:00.000+00:002011-03-23T14:35:00.987+00:00Sto a Roma?Okay, things have returned to their reassuring Italianness; so I may not be staying in Rome after all. I hope I will, and I'm still looking for teaching and proofreading work (and archaeological or cultural heritage work, though I'm not optimistic about that); but we'll see...samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-75084624448175554842011-03-22T03:45:00.002+00:002011-03-22T03:45:00.267+00:00Sto a Roma (I'm staying in Rome)Finally, I've found a job - teaching English in Rome.<br />
<br />
It also means it will be a lot easier for me to get to the annual conference of <a href="http://illicit-cultural-property.blogspot.com/2011/03/arca-2011-annual-conference-call-for.html">Association for Research into Crimes against Art</a> (ARCA), which I'm already looking forward to.samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-16722289998393064342011-03-06T08:00:00.001+00:002011-03-06T08:00:10.616+00:00non parlo italiano, ma tuttavia vado in Italia!(I don't speak Italian, but I'm going to Italy anyway!(?))<br />
<br />
Little by little, I've been translating a conference paper on Cypriot antiquities rescue into Greek; hopefully, I'll post it soon.<br />
<br />
However, it has taken a while - and it may take a while longer yet - because I'm moving to Italy. I'm bored of life on the dole, and exasperated by my visits to the dole office, so I'm going to try and make ends meet teaching and proofreading English.<br />
<br />
I'm still going to be applying (anywhere and everywhere) for postdocs/jobs too, and working on my existing research material; but (again, hopefully) I'll be spending a lot of time teaching English and learning Italian.samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-36889543099409948382011-02-06T13:35:00.002+00:002011-02-06T13:41:42.824+00:00Cypriot antiquities in Belgium, public and private collectionsIn 1990, Robert Laffineur and Frieda Vandenabeele published the public and (publicly-known) private collections of <i>Cypriote Antiquities in Belgium</i>.<br />
<br />
There isn't much information on looted antiquities' source communities; but there is a load of information on individuals' and institutions' collecting practices.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
Laffineur and Vandenabeele had catalogued 820 artefacts in seven public collections and nine private collections.<br />
<br />
Excluding the 31 artefacts made in Cyprus but found outside (now held in Belgian public collections), I was still able to review 427 Cypriot antiquities in Belgian public collections, and 362 Cypriot antiquities in Belgian private collections; so I have confidence in my findings.<br />
<br />
<u>Ottoman antiquities law</u><br />
<br />
Many of the artefacts in Belgian collections were acquired while Cyprus was under Ottoman law (with specific antiquities laws from 1869); but most of the time, the information did not show when the artefacts had left Cyprus (only when they had arrived in Belgium), so it was impossible to disprove the legality of their export.<br />
<br />
Stil, for example, we know that the Museum Vleeshuis acquired some Cypriot antiquities in Egypt in 1879. As Eric Gubel (1990: 14) noted, the artefacts were in Egypt because of 'patterns of modern rather than ancient trade'; in other words, they had been recently exported to and sold in Egypt.<br />
<br />
Under the Ottoman Empire's 1869 Regulation on Antique Objects, artefacts could only be excavated with a licence (<i>firman</i>), and even then could not be exported from the Ottoman Empire (Stanley-Price, 2001: 267; 273).<br />
<br />
Under the Ottomans' 1874 Regulation on Antiquities, artefacts could be excavated <i>and exported</i> with a licence (Stanley-Price, 2001: 268); but none of the artefacts bought from the art market seem to have had Ottoman imperial, British colonial, or independent Cypriot licences.<br />
<br />
(The British Empire ignored the inconvenient 1884 Ottoman antiquities law; so the 1874 law continued by default - and continued to be ignored - until the first British colonial antiquities law in 1905.)<br />
<br />
So, since the Cypriot antiquities in the Museum Vleeshuis do not appear to have Ottoman excavation <i>or</i> export licences, we can assume that they were probably looted <i>and</i> illicitly exported.<br />
<br />
<u>Precautions</u><br />
<br />
Seemingly affirming Gubel's judgement, many of the other artefacts' "provenances" appear to be the antiquities dealers' home towns, rather than the artefacts' find-spots.<br />
<br />
So, while I am confident that the Severis Collections' antiquities (II.H) come from Cyprus, I am not confident that they were found in the places they were bought; thus, I will not use that potential information.<br />
<br />
Another problem with the information about the Severis Collections is the inability to know which antiquities were collected by Demosthenis Severis between 1920 and 1954 (and then inherited by Nicolas Severis or Leto Severis and preserved in his collection).<br />
<br />
Therefore, it is impossible to know which of the antiquities coded "NS" were collected by Demosthenis Severis between 1920 and 1954 and which were collected by Nicolas Severis between 1968 and 1979.<br />
<br />
Still, Nicolas Severis inherited just 'some' artefacts from Demosthenis Severis (seemingly a mere fraction of the 'hundred' his mother had inherited); he bought '[o]nly a few pieces' in London, and the 'majority' in Cyprus (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 55), during and after the conflict.<br />
<br />
To be careful, then, I will assume that Nicolas inherited all 100 pre-conflict antiquities from Demosthenis through Leto. So I will assume that only the other 58 were collected by Nicolas during the conflict.<br />
<br />
It is also impossible to know which of the antiquities coded "NS" (presumably, collected by Nicolas Severis, or inherited by him from Demosthenis Severis), "LS N" (given by Leto Severis to Nicolas Severis), and "LS (inherited by Nicolas Severis from Leto Severis)" were collected by Demosthenis Severis.<br />
<br />
However, Leto Severis 'mainly' collected antiquities looted between 1963 and 1974 (Karageorghis, 1999: 17); so I will presume hers were from the intercommunal conflict.<br />
<br />
<u>Numbers</u><br />
<br />
I excluded 31 of the public collections' 458 catalogued artefacts because they came from outside Cyprus. Of the other 427, 62 (14.52%) had been excavated, surveyed, or otherwise ethically recovered.<br />
<br />
The remaining 365 (85.48%) had probably been looted:<br />
<ul><li>167 had no information whatsoever, so they had probably been looted before the conflict;</li>
<li>163 had an acquisition date from before the conflict, but no find-spot;</li>
<li>11 had no acquisition date, so they had probably been looted before the conflict, but they had find-spots,<br />
<ul><li>4 from ancient Amathus (near modern Greek Cypriot Agios Tychon),</li>
<li>1 from Greek Cypriot Karavas,</li>
<li>2 from Greek Cypriot Agios Epiktitos Vrysi,</li>
<li>2 from Greek Cypriot Miliou Agioi Anargyroi,</li>
<li>1 from Greek Cypriot Kissonerga, and</li>
<li>1 from Greek Cypriot Chlorakas;</li>
</ul></li>
<li>3 had no find-spots, but did have mid-conflict acquisition dates, so were probably conflict antiquities; and</li>
<li>1 had no find-spot, but did have a post-conflict acquisition date.</li>
</ul>So, 361 (98.90%) were pre-conflict antiquities; and of the 11 with find-spots, all of them were probably looted by Greek Cypriots (though that's too small a sample to tell us anything about communities' involvement in looting). 3 (0.82%) were probably conflict antiquities; and 1 (0.27%) was probably looted post-conflict.<br />
<br />
All of the nine private collections' 362 catalogued artefacts had probably been looted:<br />
<ul><li>87 had no acquisition date or find-spot, so had probably been looted before the conflict;</li>
<li>6 had no information other than that they were from one of the Severis Collections, so I will presume they had probably been looted before conflict;</li>
<li>158 had no information other than that they were from the Nicolas Severis Collection; so on the precautionary principle I will assume,<br />
<ul><li>that 100 were probably looted before the conflict, collected by Demosthenis, and inherited by Nicolas; and</li>
<li>that 58 were conflict antiquities collected by Nicolas;</li>
</ul></li>
<li>103 had no information other than that they were from the Leto Severis Collection; so they had probably been looted during the conflict; and</li>
<li>8 had no information other than that they were collected by Leto and inherited by Nicolas; so they had probably been looted during the conflict too.</li>
</ul>So, up to 193 (53.31%) had probably been looted before the conflict; yet at least 169 (46.69%) of Belgian private collections' artefacts were probably conflict antiquities, looted during the intercommunal conflict.<br />
<br />
To be fair, though, 275 (75.97%) of the antiquities in private collections in Belgium were in <i>Greek Cypriot</i> private collections.<br />
<br />
They were the probably looted, but legally exported antiquities from the Nicolas Severis Collection (cf. Vandenabeele <i>et al</i>, 1990: 55). They made up the majority of the pre-conflict antiquities, and <i>all</i> of the conflict antiquities.<br />
<br />
<u>Conclusions</u><br />
<br />
Despite most of the Belgian public collections' artefacts probably having been looted, it is some comfort that so few have been acquired since the start of the Cyprus Conflict.<br />
<br />
It should also be noted that Belgian private collectors do not appear to have had a significant role in underwriting looting of Cypriot antiquities in the colonial era; or <i>any</i> role at all in the funding of the illicit trade in Cypriot antiquities during the Cyprus Conflict.<br />
<br />
The information from these collections again undermines the logic of Cypriot government archaeologists' secret agreement with private collectors during the intercommunal conflict.<br />
<br />
Greek Cypriot collectors were allowed to buy looted antiquities during the intercommunal conflict in order that they 'not be exported abroad' (Karageorghis, 1999: 17); but all of the Cypriot conflict antiquities in Belgium were Greek Cypriot-collected and Greek Cypriot-exported.<br />
<br />
<u>Bibliography</u><br />
<br />
Destrooper-Georgiades, A. 1990a: "I. C. Brussels. Royal Library of Belgium, Department of Coins and Medals". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 15-20. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Destrooper-Georgiades, A. 1990b: "II. A. Brussels. Marc Bar Collection". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 48. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Destrooper-Georgiades, A. 1990c: "II. B. Brussels". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 49. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Destrooper-Georgiades, A. 1990d: "II. C. Brussels". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 50. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Destrooper-Georgiades, A. 1990e: "II. D. Charleroi. Jacques Eloy Collection". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 51. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Destrooper-Georgiades, A. 1990f: "II. F. Liège". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 53. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Destrooper-Georgiades, A. 1990g: "II. G. Liège". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 54. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Destrooper-Georgiades, A. 1990h: "II. I. Waterloo. H. Pottier Collection". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 75-76. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Donnay, G and Derriks, C. 1990: "I. G. Morlanwelz. Royal Museum of Mariemont". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 47. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Gubel, E. 1990: "I. B. Antwerp. Museum Vleeshuis". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 14. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Karageorghis, V. 1999: <i>Ancient Cypriote art in the Severis Collection</i>. Athens: Costakis and Leto Severis Foundation.<br />
<br />
Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). 1990: <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Margos, R, Olivier, J-P and Skinkel-Taupin, C. 1990: "I. D. Brussels. Royal Museums of Art and History, Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 24-41. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Meekers-Ayat, M. 1990b: "I. D. Brussels. Royal Museums of Art and History, Department of Near Eastern Antiquities". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 42-43. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Meekers-Ayat. 1990a: "I. D. Brussels. Royal Museums of Art and History, Department of Egyptian Antiquities". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 21-23. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Stanley-Price, N. 2001: "The Ottoman Law on Antiquities (1874) and the founding of the Cyprus Museum". In Tatton-Brown, V A, (Ed.). <i>Cyprus in the Nineteenth Century AD: Fact, fancy and fiction – papers of the 22nd British Museum Classical Colloquium, December 1998</i>, 267-275. Oxford: Oxbow Books.<br />
<br />
Tytgat, C. 1990: "I. E. Leuven. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Museum of the Faculty of the Humanities". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 44-45. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Vandenabeele, F, De Crée, F, Donnay, G, Gubel, E and Noppe, C. 1990: "II. H. Morlanwelz. Royal Museum of Mariemont, Nicolas Severis Collection". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 55-74. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Vandenabeele, F. 1990: "I. A. Antwerp. Museum Mayer van den Bergh". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 13. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Verbanck, A. 1990: "II. E. La Louvière". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 52. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
Verlinden, C. 1990: "I. F. Louvain-la-Neuve. Museum of the Institute of Archaeology and Art History of the Catholic University of Louvain". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium</i>, 46. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
<u>Data</u><br />
<br />
<i>Public collections:</i><br />
<br />
I.A.1-I.A.5: ‘The Cypriote antiquities were acquired by Ridder Fritz Mayer van den Bergh in 1898 as part of the Carlo Micheli collection, Paris’ (Vandenabeele, 1990: 13).<br />
<br />
I.B.1-I.B.4: ‘a common origin, more precisely Alexandria (Egypt), may safely be accepted on the basis of the Museums inventory cards. As indicated by the lot’s chronological disparity, however, the ceramics’ origin is more likely to be due to patterns of modern rather than ancient trade.... The collection was acquired in 1879’ (Gubel, 1990: 14).<br />
<br />
I.C.I.1-I.C.I.20: ‘purchased.... donated to the Royal Library in 1899’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990a: 15).<br />
<br />
I.C.II.1-I.C.II.131: ‘purchased on various occasions during the nineteenth en [<i>sic</i>] twentieth century’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990a: 16); all 100 dated purchases (of total 131) between 1899 and 1909.<br />
<br />
I.D.I.1-I.D.I.24 excluded as Egyptian Cypriot artefacts in Department of Egyptian Antiquities (Meekers-Ayat, 1990a: 21-23).<br />
<br />
I.D.II.1: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 25)<br />
I.D.II.2: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990:6)<br />
I.D.II.3: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)<br />
I.D.II.4: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)<br />
I.D.II.5: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)<br />
I.D.II.6: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)<br />
I.D.II.7: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)<br />
I.D.II.8: ‘Prov.: Amathus’, n.d., but by bib., by 1981 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)<br />
I.D.II.9: ‘Prov.: Amathus’, n.d., but by bib., by 1981 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)<br />
I.D.II.10: n.d., but by bib., by 1913; no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)<br />
I.D.II.11: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)<br />
I.D.II.12: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)<br />
I.D.II.13: ‘Prov.: Amathus’, n.d., but by bib., by 1913 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)<br />
I.D.II.14: n.d., but by bib., by 1913; no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)<br />
I.D.II.15: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)<br />
I.D.II.16: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)<br />
I.D.II.17: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)<br />
I.D.II.18: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)<br />
I.D.II.19: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)<br />
I.D.II.20: n.d., but by bib., by 1913; no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)<br />
I.D.II.21: Prov.: Amathus’, n.d., but by bib., by 1913 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)<br />
I.D.II.22: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)<br />
I.D.II.23: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)<br />
I.D.II.24: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)<br />
I.D.II.25: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)<br />
I.D.II.26: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)<br />
I.D.II.27: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)<br />
I.D.II.28: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)<br />
I.D.II.29: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)<br />
I.D.II.30: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)<br />
I.D.II.31: n.d., but by bib., by 1913; no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)<br />
I.D.II.32: n.d., no info n.d. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)<br />
I.D.II.33: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)<br />
I.D.II.34: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)<br />
I.D.II.35: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)<br />
I.D.II.36: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)<br />
I.D.II.37: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)<br />
I.D.II.38: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)<br />
I.D.II.39: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)<br />
I.D.II.40: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)<br />
I.D.II.41: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)<br />
I.D.II.42: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)<br />
I.D.II.43: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)<br />
I.D.II.44: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)<br />
I.D.II.45: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)<br />
I.D.II.46: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)<br />
I.D.II.47: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)<br />
I.D.II.48: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)<br />
I.D.II.49: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)<br />
I.D.II.50: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)<br />
I.D.II.51: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)<br />
I.D.II.52: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)<br />
I.D.II.53: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)<br />
I.D.II.54: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)<br />
I.D.II.55: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)<br />
I.D.II.56: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)<br />
I.D.II.57: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)<br />
I.D.II.58: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)<br />
I.D.II.59: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)<br />
I.D.II.60: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)<br />
I.D.II.61: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)<br />
I.D.II.62: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1976 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)<br />
I.D.II.63: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)<br />
I.D.II.64: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30) <br />
I.D.II.65: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)<br />
I.D.II.66: ‘Prov. (according to Jean de Mot): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)<br />
I.D.II.67: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)<br />
I.D.II.68: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)<br />
I.D.II.69: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)<br />
I.D.II.70: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)<br />
I.D.II.71: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)<br />
I.D.II.72: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)<br />
I.D.II.73: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)<br />
I.D.II.74: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)<br />
I.D.II.75: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)<br />
I.D.II.76: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)<br />
I.D.II.77: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)<br />
I.D.II.78: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)<br />
I.D.II.79: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)<br />
I.D.II.80: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)<br />
I.D.II.81: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)<br />
I.D.II.82: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)<br />
I.D.II.83: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)<br />
I.D.II.84: ‘Prov. (according to Triantaphyllos): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)<br />
I.D.II.85: exc. (Margos,Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)<br />
I.D.II.86: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)<br />
I.D.II.87: ‘Prov. (according to Jean de Mot): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)<br />
I.D.II.88: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)<br />
I.D.II.89: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)<br />
I.D.II.90: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)<br />
I.D.II.91: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)<br />
I.D.II.92: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)<br />
I.D.II.93: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32) <br />
I.D.II.94: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)<br />
I.D.II.95: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)<br />
I.D.II.96: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)<br />
I.D.II.97: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)<br />
I.D.II.98: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)<br />
I.D.II.99: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)<br />
I.D.II.100: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)<br />
I.D.II.101: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)<br />
I.D.II.102: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)<br />
I.D.II.103: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)<br />
I.D.II.104: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)<br />
I.D.II.105: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)<br />
I.D.II.106: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)<br />
I.D.II.107: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)<br />
I.D.II.108: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)<br />
I.D.II.109: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)<br />
I.D.II.110: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)<br />
I.D.II.111: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)<br />
I.D.II.112: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)<br />
I.D.II.113: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1922 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)<br />
I.D.II.114: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)<br />
I.D.II.115: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)<br />
I.D.II.116: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)<br />
I.D.II.117: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)<br />
I.D.II.118: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)<br />
I.D.II.119: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)<br />
I.D.II.120: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)<br />
I.D.II.121: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)<br />
I.D.II.122: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)<br />
I.D.II.123: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)<br />
I.D.II.124: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)<br />
I.D.II.125: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)<br />
I.D.II.126: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1990 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)<br />
I.D.II.127: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)<br />
I.D.II.128: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)<br />
I.D.II.129: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)<br />
I.D.II.130: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)<br />
I.D.II.131: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)<br />
I.D.II.132: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)<br />
I.D.II.133: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)<br />
I.D.II.134: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1976 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)<br />
I.D.II.135: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1985 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)<br />
I.D.II.136: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)<br />
I.D.II.137: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1985 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)<br />
I.D.II.138: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)<br />
I.D.II.139: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)<br />
I.D.II.140: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)<br />
I.D.II.141: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)<br />
I.D.II.142: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)<br />
I.D.II.143: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)<br />
I.D.II.144: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)<br />
I.D.II.145: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)<br />
I.D.II.146: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)<br />
I.D.II.147: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)<br />
I.D.II.148: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)<br />
I.D.II.149: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)<br />
I.D.II.150: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)<br />
I.D.II.151: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)<br />
I.D.II.152: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)<br />
I.D.II.153: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)<br />
I.D.II.154: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)<br />
I.D.II.155: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)<br />
I.D.II.156: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)<br />
I.D.II.157: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)<br />
I.D.II.158: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)<br />
I.D.II.159: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)<br />
I.D.II.160: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)<br />
I.D.II.161: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)<br />
I.D.II.162: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)<br />
I.D.II.163: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)<br />
I.D.II.164: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)<br />
I.D.II.165: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)<br />
I.D.II.166: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)<br />
I.D.II.167: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)<br />
I.D.II.168: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)<br />
I.D.II.169: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)<br />
I.D.II.170: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)<br />
I.D.II.171: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)<br />
I.D.II.172: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)<br />
I.D.II.173: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)<br />
I.D.II.174: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)<br />
I.D.II.175: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)<br />
I.D.II.176: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)<br />
I.D.II.177: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)<br />
I.D.II.178: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)<br />
I.D.II.179: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)<br />
I.D.II.180: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)<br />
I.D.II.181: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)<br />
I.D.II.182: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)<br />
I.D.II.183: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)<br />
I.D.II.184: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)<br />
I.D.II.185: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)<br />
I.D.II.186: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)<br />
I.D.II.187: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1982 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)<br />
I.D.II.188: n.d., no info, but by bib., by ???? (les Inscriptions Chypriotes Syllabiques (ICS)) (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)<br />
I.D.II.189: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1990 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)<br />
I.D.II.190: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1990 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)<br />
I.D.II.191: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)<br />
I.D.II.192: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 40)<br />
I.D.II.193: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 40)<br />
<br />
I.D.III.1: ‘Prov.: Cyprus, Karavas’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 42)<br />
I.D.III.2: ‘Prov.: Cyprus, Ayios Epiktitot Vrysi’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 42)<br />
I.D.III.3: ‘Prov.: Cyprus, Ayios Epiktitot Vrysi’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 42)<br />
I.D.III.4: ‘Prov.: Cyprus, Miliou Ayii Anargyrii’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 42)<br />
I.D.III.5: ‘Prov.: Cyprus, Miliou Ayii Anargyrii’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 42)<br />
I.D.III.6: ‘Prov.: Cyprus, Kissonerga (Probably Mosphilia)’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 42)<br />
I.D.III.7: ‘Prov.: Cyprus, Chloraka’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 42a)<br />
I.D.III.8: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 42).<br />
I.D.III.9: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43).<br />
I.D.III.10: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43). <br />
I.D.III.11: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43).<br />
I.D.III.12: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43).<br />
I.D.III.13: foreign exc. (Meeker-Ayat, 1990b: 42)<br />
I.D.III.14: foreign exc. (Meeker,-Ayat, 1990b: 43)<br />
I.D.III.15: foreign exc. (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43)<br />
I.D.III.16: foreign exc. (Prov.: Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43)<br />
I.D.III.17: foreign exc. (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43) <br />
I.D.III.18: foreign exc. (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43)<br />
I.D.III.19: foreign exc. (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43)<br />
I.D.III.20: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43)<br />
I.D.III.21: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43)<br />
I.D.III.22: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43)<br />
I.D.III.23: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43)<br />
<br />
I.E.1-I.E.11: n.d., no info, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Tytgat, 1990: 44).<br />
I.E.12-I.E.24: n.d., no info, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Tytgat, 1990: 45).<br />
<br />
I.F.1-I.F.4: n.d., no info, (explicitly) unknown origin, ‘acquired and given to the museum by F. Mayence’ (Verlinden, 1990: 46)<br />
I.F.5: n.d., no info, foreign, ‘bought in Cairo in 1906’ (Verlinden, 1990: 46)<br />
I.F.6: n.d., no info, (explicitly) unknown origin, ‘acquired and given to the museum by F. Mayence’ (Verlinden, 1990: 46)<br />
I.F.7: n.d., no info, ‘acquired in Brussels when the collection of the Dukes of Arenberg was sold.... previously belonged to the Pierides collection’ (Verlinden, 1990: 46)<br />
<br />
I.G.1: 1965, ‘purchase’ from French private collector (Donnay, 1990: 47)<br />
I.G.2: 1965, ‘purchase’ from French private collector (Donnay, 1990: 47)<br />
I.G.3:1959, ‘purchase’ from Belgian private collector (Donnay, 1990: 47)<br />
I.G.4: 1955, ‘purchased’ from Belgian private collector (Donnay, 1990: 47)<br />
I.G.5: 1965, ‘purchase’ from French private collector (Donnay, 1990: 47)<br />
I.G.6: 1955, ‘purchased’ from Belgian private collector, ‘Prov. (according to Brassine): Crete?’ (Donnay, 1990: 47)<br />
I.G.7: 1986, ‘purchase’ from French private collector (Donnay, 1990: 47).<br />
<br />
<i>Private collections:</i><br />
<br />
II.A.1.-II.A.2: n.d., no info, ‘The coins were acquired in commerce’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990b: 48).<br />
<br />
II.B.1: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1988, ‘Acquired in commerce’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990c: 49).<br />
<br />
II.C.1-II.C.6: n.d., no info, ‘Coins acquired in commerce’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990d: 50).<br />
<br />
II.D.1-II.D.11: n.d., no info, ‘The coins were acquired in commerce’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990e: 51).<br />
<br />
II.E.1: n.d, no info, ‘Prov.: Egypt’ (Verbanck, 1990: 52).<br />
II.E.2-II.E.4: n.d., no info, ‘The Cypriote antiquities were acquired in the antiques trade’ (Verbanck, 1990: 52).<br />
<br />
II.F.1-II.F.2: n.d., no info, ‘The coins were acquired in commerce’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990f: 53).<br />
<br />
II.G.1-II.G.6: n.d., no info, ‘Coins acquired in commerce’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990g: 54).<br />
II.G.7+-II.G.9+: n.d., no info, ‘Coins acquired in commerce’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990g: 54), ‘7+, 8+ and 9+: exact number of coins unknown’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990g: 54n1).<br />
<br />
II.H.1: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 1’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 55).<br />
II.H.2: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 2’, ‘Prov.: Athienou?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 55).<br />
II.H.3: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 2012’, ‘Prov.: Athienou?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 55).<br />
II.H.4: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 2011’, ‘Prov.: Athienou?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 55).<br />
II.H.5: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1802’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 55).<br />
II.H.6: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 0570’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 55).<br />
II.H.7: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 380’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).<br />
II.H.8: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1839’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).<br />
II.H.9: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 35’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).<br />
II.H.10: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 36’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).<br />
II.H.11: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 27’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).<br />
II.H.12: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 576’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).<br />
II.H.13: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1086’, ‘Prov.: Kotchati?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).<br />
II.H.14: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 466’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).<br />
II.H.15: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 19’, ‘Prov.: Kotchati?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).<br />
II.H.16: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 866’, ‘Prov.: Kotchati?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).<br />
II.H.17: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 25’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).<br />
II.H.18: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 26’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).<br />
II.H.19: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1199’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).<br />
II.H.20: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 28’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).<br />
II.H.21: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 24’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56), ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).<br />
II.H.22: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1179’, ‘Prov.: Kotchati?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).<br />
II.H.23: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 263’, ‘Prov.: Kotchati?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).<br />
II.H.24: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 20’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).<br />
II.H.25: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 21’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).<br />
II.H.26: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 23’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).<br />
II.H.27: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 22’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).<br />
II.H.28: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 266’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).<br />
II.H.29: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS N 103’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).<br />
II.H.30: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 707’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).<br />
II.H.31: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 311’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).<br />
II.H.32: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 78’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).<br />
II.H.33: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 29’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).<br />
II.H.34: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1281’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).<br />
II.H.35: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 705’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).<br />
II.H.36: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 48’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).<br />
II.H.37: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 522’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).<br />
II.H.38: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 61’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).<br />
II.H.39: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1850’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).<br />
II.H.40: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS N 63’, ‘Prov.: Area of Kantara?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).<br />
II.H.41: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 861’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).<br />
II.H.42: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 228’, ‘Prov.: Area of Kantara?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).<br />
II.H.43: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 31’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).<br />
II.H.44: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 32’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).<br />
II.H.45: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 33’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).<br />
II.H.46: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 34’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).<br />
II.H.47: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1268’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).<br />
II.H.48: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1115’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).<br />
II.H.49: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 227’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).<br />
II.H.50: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 31’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).<br />
II.H.51: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 62’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).<br />
II.H.52: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 30’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).<br />
II.H.53: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 98’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).<br />
II.H.54: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 99’, ‘Prov.: Karpass? Kantara?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).<br />
II.H.55: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 100’, ‘Prov.: Karpass? Kantara?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).<br />
II.H.56: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1852’, ‘Prov.: Karpass? Kantara?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).<br />
II.H.57: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 300’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).<br />
II.H.58: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 103’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).<br />
II.H.59: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 88’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).<br />
II.H.60: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 8?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).<br />
II.H.61: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 56’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).<br />
II.H.62: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 223’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).<br />
II.H.63: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 326’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).<br />
II.H.64: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1903’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).<br />
II.H.65: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 79’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59), ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).<br />
II.H.66: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 60’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).<br />
II.H.67: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 59’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).<br />
II.H.68: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 58’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).<br />
II.H.69: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1258’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).<br />
II.H.70: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1088’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).<br />
II.H.71: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 92’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).<br />
II.H.72: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 96’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).<br />
II.H.73: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 47’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).<br />
II.H.74: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 46’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).<br />
II.H.75: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 244’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).<br />
II.H.76: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 235’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).<br />
II.H.77: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 57’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).<br />
II.H.78: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 94’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).<br />
II.H.79: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 93’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).<br />
II.H.80: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 95’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).<br />
II.H.81: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1025’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).<br />
II.H.82: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 44’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).<br />
II.H.83: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1748’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).<br />
II.H.84: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 341’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).<br />
II.H.85: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS N 126’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).<br />
II.H.86: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 54’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).<br />
II.H.87: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 17’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).<br />
II.H.88: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 55’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).<br />
II.H.89: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 503’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).<br />
II.H.90: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1272’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).<br />
II.H.91: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 423’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).<br />
II.H.92: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 844’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).<br />
II.H.93: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 648’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).<br />
II.H.94: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 478’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).<br />
II.H.95: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 2027’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).<br />
II.H.96: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 45’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61), ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).<br />
II.H.97: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 179’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).<br />
II.H.98: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 51’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).<br />
II.H.99: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 325’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).<br />
II.H.100: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 52’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).<br />
II.H.101: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 548’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).<br />
II.H.102: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 68’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).<br />
II.H.103: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 70’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).<br />
II.H.104: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 760’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).<br />
II.H.105: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 679’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).<br />
II.H.106: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 584’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).<br />
II.H.107: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: [LS?] 1053’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).<br />
II.H.108: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 69’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).<br />
II.H.109: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 65’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).<br />
II.H.110: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 101’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).<br />
II.H.111: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 742’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62), ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).<br />
II.H.112: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 49’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).<br />
II.H.113: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS N 131’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).<br />
II.H.114: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 37’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).<br />
II.H.115: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS N 104’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).<br />
II.H.116: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 50’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).<br />
II.H.117: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1031’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).<br />
II.H.118: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 170’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).<br />
II.H.119: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 575’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).<br />
II.H.120: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 255’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).<br />
II.H.121: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 39’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).<br />
II.H.122: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 42’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).<br />
II.H.123: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 792’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).<br />
II.H.124: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 229’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).<br />
II.H.125: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1874’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).<br />
II.H.126: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 440’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).<br />
II.H.127: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 499’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).<br />
II.H.128: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 351’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).<br />
II.H.129: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 983’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).<br />
II.H.130: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 982’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).<br />
II.H.131: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 322’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).<br />
II.H.132: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 53’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).<br />
II.H.133: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 2006’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).<br />
II.H.134: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 71’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).<br />
II.H.135: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 63’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).<br />
II.H.136: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 411’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).<br />
II.H.137: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 12’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).<br />
II.H.138: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 364’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).<br />
II.H.139: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 67’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).<br />
II.H.140: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1890’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).<br />
II.H.141: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 331’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).<br />
II.H.142: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 333’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).<br />
II.H.143: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 66’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).<br />
II.H.144: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 102’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).<br />
II.H.145: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 985’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).<br />
II.H.146: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 73’, ‘Prov.: Haghios Iakovos? Famagusta area’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).<br />
II.H.147: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 76’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).<br />
II.H.148: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 187’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).<br />
II.H.149: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 363’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).<br />
II.H.150: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 41’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).<br />
II.H.151: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 72’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).<br />
II.H.152: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 74’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).<br />
II.H.153: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 450’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).<br />
II.H.154: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 83’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).<br />
II.H.155: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 75’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).<br />
II.H.156: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 38’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).<br />
II.H.157: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 40’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).<br />
II.H.158: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 43’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).<br />
II.H.159: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 837’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).<br />
II.H.160: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 715’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).<br />
II.H.161: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1121’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).<br />
II.H.162: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 299’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).<br />
II.H.163: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1183’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).<br />
II.H.164: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 763’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).<br />
II.H.165: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1207’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).<br />
II.H.166: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 104’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).<br />
II.H.167: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 544’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).<br />
II.H.168: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 810’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).<br />
II.H.169: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 86’, ‘Prov.: Surroundings of Salamis?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).<br />
II.H.170: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 64’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).<br />
II.H.171: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: --’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).<br />
II.H.172: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 87’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).<br />
II.H.173: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 769’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).<br />
II.H.174: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS N 73’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).<br />
II.H.175: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS N 105’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).<br />
II.H.176: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 77’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).<br />
II.H.177: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 502’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).<br />
II.H.178: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 820’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).<br />
II.H.179: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1243’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).<br />
II.H.180: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 960’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).<br />
II.H.181: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 82’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).<br />
II.H.182: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 81’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).<br />
II.H.183: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 109’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).<br />
II.H.184: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 496’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).<br />
II.H.185: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 492’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).<br />
II.H.186: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 91’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).<br />
II.H.187: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 90’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).<br />
II.H.188: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 604’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).<br />
II.H.189: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 842’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).<br />
II.H.190: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 85’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).<br />
II.H.191: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 108’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).<br />
II.H.192: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 748’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).<br />
II.H.193: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 110’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).<br />
II.H.194: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 119’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).<br />
II.H.195: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 871’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).<br />
II.H.196: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 120’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).<br />
II.H.197: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS N 84’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).<br />
II.H.198: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 121’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).<br />
II.H.199: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 84’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).<br />
II.H.200: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 105’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).<br />
II.H.201: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 106’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).<br />
II.H.202: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 111’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).<br />
II.H.203: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 114’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).<br />
II.H.204: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 113’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).<br />
II.H.205: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1117’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).<br />
II.H.206: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 115’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).<br />
II.H.207: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 116’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).<br />
II.H.208: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1260’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).<br />
II.H.209: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 112’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).<br />
II.H.210: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 118’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).<br />
II.H.211: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 107’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).<br />
II.H.212: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 123’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).<br />
II.H.213: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 122’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).<br />
II.H.214: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 124’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).<br />
II.H.215: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 617’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).<br />
II.H.216: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 3’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).<br />
II.H.217: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 6’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).<br />
II.H.218: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 8’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).<br />
II.H.219: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 12’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).<br />
II.H.220: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 14’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).<br />
II.H.221: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 13’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).<br />
II.H.222: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 15’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).<br />
II.H.223: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 16’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).<br />
II.H.224: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 11’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).<br />
II.H.225: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 7’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).<br />
II.H.226: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 5’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).<br />
II.H.227: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 9’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).<br />
II.H.228: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: -2’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).<br />
II.H.229: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1927’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).<br />
II.H.230: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: -1’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).<br />
II.H.231: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: -3’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).<br />
II.H.232: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 146’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).<br />
II.H.233: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 147’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).<br />
II.H.234: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 149’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).<br />
II.H.235: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 2760’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).<br />
II.H.236: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 145’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).<br />
II.H.237: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 144’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).<br />
II.H.238: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 148’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).<br />
II.H.239: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 2700’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).<br />
II.H.240: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: -’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).<br />
II.H.241: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 131’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).<br />
II.H.242: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 130’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).<br />
II.H.243: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 128’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).<br />
II.H.244: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 150’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).<br />
II.H.245: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 152’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).<br />
II.H.246: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 151’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).<br />
II.H.247: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 153’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).<br />
II.H.248: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 154’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).<br />
II.H.249: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 155’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).<br />
II.H.250: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 156’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).<br />
II.H.251: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 180’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).<br />
II.H.252: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 157’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).<br />
II.H.253: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 158’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).<br />
II.H.254: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 159’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).<br />
II.H.255: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 160’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).<br />
II.H.256: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 161’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).<br />
II.H.257: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 162’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).<br />
II.H.258: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 163’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).<br />
II.H.259: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 164’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).<br />
II.H.260: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 165’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).<br />
II.H.261: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 167’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).<br />
II.H.262: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 168’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).<br />
II.H.263: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 169’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).<br />
II.H.264: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 166’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).<br />
II.H.265: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 172’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).<br />
II.H.266: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 173’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).<br />
II.H.267: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 174’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).<br />
II.H.268: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 175’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 74).<br />
II.H.269: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 176’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 74).<br />
II.H.270: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 177’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 74).<br />
II.H.271: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 171’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 74).<br />
II.H.272: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 170’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 74).<br />
II.H.273: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 179’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 74).<br />
II.H.274: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 182’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 74).<br />
II.H.275: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 178’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 74).<br />
<br />
II.I.1-II.I.16: 'acquired in Turkey..., around 1963' (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990h: 75).<br />
II.I.17-II.I.44: n.d., no info (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990h: 75).<br />
II.I.45-II.I.52: n.d., no info (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990h: 76).samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-57474157469807603002011-02-05T12:05:00.002+00:002011-02-05T12:13:52.109+00:00Ashmolean Museum, Cypriot antiquitiesIn 1983, David Frankel published some of the <i>Early and Middle Bronze Age Material in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford</i>. It fits the general outline of international public museums acquiring probably looted antiquities, including conflict antiquities.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
The Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology is part of the University of Oxford. Frankel published 266 of the roughly 1,400 artefacts in its Cypriot Bronze Age collection.<br />
<br />
<u>Numbers</u><br />
<br />
247 of those 266 were of apparently '[u]nknown provenance' (Frankel, 1983: 18); yet 9 of the 247 artefacts of "unknown provenance" were "said to be from" sites in Greece; so since they may well have been found <i>outside</i> Cyprus, I have excluded them from my review (<a href="#fn1" name="fr1">fn1</a>).<br />
<br />
(Thus, I counted 238 of the unprovenanced antiquities, and studied 257 of the published artefacts.)<br />
<br />
There were 3 finds donated by archaeologist Hector Catling in 1970. Each catalogue entry was briefer than the last, but the fullest first entry, for a find '[p]resented by H. W. Catling' in the <i>Report of the Visitors</i> 1969-1970' (ibid.: 36), suggests they were chance finds donated to the museum.<br />
<br />
So, there were 3 (1.17%) chance finds; but the other 254 (98.83%) of the artefacts were probably looted. Of those 254,<br />
<ul><li>223 (87.80%) were probably looted before conflict, including<br />
<ul><li>8 with no acquisition date or find-spot;</li>
<li>203 artefacts, either acquired before the beginning of the 1963-1974 intercommunal conflict, or from collections created before then;</li>
<li>2 artefacts which were '[p]resented' by the Cyprus Exploration Fund in 1888, without any other information (when #1278-#1281, which were from even earlier and themselves probably looted, had find-spots); and</li>
<li>1 which was '[p]resented' in 1948 by a private collector, who 'bought [#0131] from [the] Department of Antiquities' through 1930s British colonial governor and antiquities inspector, Rupert Forbes Gunnis (Frankel, 1983: 33; unlike #0149 and #0215, which were recorded under the same system but had publications showing their origins);</li>
<li>5 from Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni; and</li>
<li>4 from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Nicosia; while</li>
</ul></li>
<li>31 (12.20%) were probably looted during the intercommunal conflict, including<br />
<ul><li>24 with an acquisition date between 1964 and 1974, but without a find-spot; and</li>
<li>7 from Turkish Cypriot Magounda.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul><u>Findings</u><br />
<br />
So, the sample of probably looted artefacts' find-spots is too small to be used on its own. (For the record, though, 55.56% of the antiquities probably looted before the conflict were probably looted by Turkish Cypriots, 44.44% by Greek Cypriots; and all of the conflict antiquities were Turkish Cypriot-looted.)<br />
<br />
Still, there was enough evidence to work out how the museum got its artefacts and when. Most of its collection seems to have been looted, and most of it seems to have been acquired in peacetime; but some were conflict antiquities, acquired during - and it could be said <i>through</i> - the intercommunal conflict.<br />
<br />
<u>Footnotes</u><br />
<br />
<a href="#fr1" name="fn1">fn1</a>: Equally, 1 of the 24 artefacts probably looted during the conflict had a '[s]uggested provenance' (ibid.: 23), a find-spot in Cyprus; so since it may well <i>not</i> have been found in the suggested village, I have not included its possible find-spot in my review.<br />
<br />
<u>Bibliography</u><br />
<br />
Frankel, D. 1983: <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 7: Early and Middle Bronze Age material in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford</i>. Gothenburg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
<u>Data</u><br />
<br />
0001: 1953, ‘Formerly in the collection of the Larnaca District Commissioner’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)<br />
0002: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)<br />
0003: 1953, ‘Purchased; formerly Petrakides Collection, Larnaca’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)<br />
0004: 1886, ‘Purchased from Mr Ogden; said to come from Melos’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)<br />
0005: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)<br />
0006: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)<br />
0007: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)<br />
0008: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)<br />
0009: 1948, ‘Presented by Mr M. Balfour, bought in Cyprus through R. Gunnis’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)<br />
0010: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)<br />
0011: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)<br />
0012: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)<br />
0013: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)<br />
0014: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)<br />
0015: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)<br />
0016: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)<br />
0017: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)<br />
0018: 1961, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)<br />
0019: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)<br />
0020: 1978, ‘Found, unnumbered, probably Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)<br />
0021: 1886, ‘Purchased from Mr Ogden; said to come from Melos’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)<br />
0022: 1947, ‘Presented by Profs. J. A. K. Thompson and Grace Macurdy’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)<br />
0023: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)<br />
0024: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)<br />
0025: 1947, ‘Presented by Profs. J. A. K. Thompson and Grace Macurdy’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)<br />
0026: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)<br />
0027: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)<br />
0028: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)<br />
0029: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)<br />
0030: 1953, ‘Myres’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)<br />
0031: 1953, ‘Myres’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)<br />
0032: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)<br />
0033: 1965, ‘Purchased, Christies [sic]’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)<br />
0034: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 21)<br />
0035: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 21)<br />
0036: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 21)<br />
0037: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 21)<br />
0038: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 21)<br />
0039: 1888: ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 21)<br />
0040: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 21)<br />
0041: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 21)<br />
0042: n.d., no info (Frankel, 1983: 21)<br />
0043: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 22)<br />
0044: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 22)<br />
0045: 1916, ‘Presented by Mrs Guy V. Dickens’ (Frankel, 1983: 22)<br />
0046: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 22)<br />
0047: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 22)<br />
0048: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 22)<br />
0049: 1956, ‘Presented by Mrs H. A. Pritchard’ (Frankel, 1983: 22)<br />
0050: 1885, ‘Ex Flower Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 23)<br />
0051: n.d., ‘Myres’ (Frankel, 1983: 23)<br />
0052: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983:3)<br />
0053: 1968, ‘Purchased (Bomford Trust Purchase) Suggested provenance Aghirda district’ (Frankel, 1983: 23)<br />
0054: 1963,’Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 23)<br />
0055: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 23)<br />
0056: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 23)<br />
0057: 1954, ‘Purchased from V. Heidemiran’ (Frankel, 1983: 23)<br />
0058: 1946, ‘Presented by Dr Neville Goodman’ (Frankel, 1983: 24)<br />
0059: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 24)<br />
0060: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 24)<br />
0061: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 24)<br />
0062: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 24)<br />
0063: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 24)<br />
0064: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 24)<br />
0065: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 24)<br />
0066: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 25)<br />
0067: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 25)<br />
0068: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 25)<br />
0069: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 25)<br />
0070: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 25)<br />
0071: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 25)<br />
0072: 1891, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 25)<br />
0073: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 25)<br />
0074: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 26)<br />
0075: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 26)<br />
0076: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 26)<br />
0077: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 26)<br />
0078: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 26)<br />
0079: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 26)<br />
0080: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 26)<br />
0081: ‘1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 26)<br />
0082: 1964, no info (Frankel, 1983: 27)<br />
0083: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 27)<br />
0084: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 27)<br />
0085: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 27)<br />
0086: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 27)<br />
0087: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 27)<br />
0088: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 28)<br />
0089: n.d., ‘Probably Myres’ (Frankel, 1983: 28)<br />
0090: 1965, ‘Purchased, Christies [sic]’ (Frankel, 1983: 28)<br />
0091: 1912, ‘Obtained by exchange: procured in Ireland by the Rev. Father Brown (University College, Dublin)’ (Frankel, 1983: 28)<br />
0092: 1888, ‘Presented by the Committee of the Cyprus Exploration Fund’ (Frankel, 1983: 28)<br />
0093: 1947, ‘Presented by Professors Grace Macurdy and J. A. K. Thompson’ (Frankel, 1983: 28)<br />
0094: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 28)<br />
0095: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 28)<br />
0096: 1947, ‘Presented by Professors Grace Macurdy and J. A. K. Thompson’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)<br />
0097: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)<br />
0098: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)<br />
0099: 1954, ‘Presented by Dame Elizabeth Kelly’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)<br />
0100: 1885, ‘Transferred from Natural Science Museum’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)<br />
0101: 1946, ‘Presented by Mr Neville Goodman’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)<br />
0102: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)<br />
0103: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)<br />
0104: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)<br />
0105: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 30)<br />
0106: n.d., no info (Frankel, 1983: 30)<br />
0107: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 30)<br />
0108: 1969, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 30)<br />
0109: n.d., no info (Frankel, 1983: 30)<br />
0110: n.d., ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 30)<br />
0111: 1927, ‘Presented by J. G. Milne; said to be from Rhodes’ (Frankel, 1983: 30)<br />
0112: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 30)<br />
0113: 1965, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 31)<br />
0114: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 31)<br />
0115: 1955, ‘Presented by Mrs E. M. Clifford’ (Frankel, 1983: 31)<br />
0116: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 31)<br />
0117: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 31)<br />
0118: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 31)<br />
0119: 1886, ‘Purchased from Mr Ogden; said to be from Melos; alternative (in pencil) provenance given as Tremata’ (Frankel, 1983: 31)<br />
0120: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 31)<br />
0121: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)<br />
0122: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)<br />
0123: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)<br />
0124: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)<br />
0125: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)<br />
0126: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)<br />
0127: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)<br />
0128: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)<br />
0129: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)<br />
0130: 1946, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 33)<br />
0131: 1948, ‘Presented by Mr M. Balfour. ([B]ought from Department of Antiquities in Cyprus through R. Gunnis)’ (Frankel, 1983: 33)<br />
0132: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 33)<br />
0133: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 33)<br />
0134: 1955, ‘Formerly Passmore Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 33)<br />
0135: 1961, ‘Purchased. ([P]aper label on vessel: “Dawkins 1909”)’ (Frankel, 1983: 33)<br />
0136: 1969, ‘Purchased through offices of the Folio Society…. An almost identical (but much larger) vessel, with the same modelled animals and incised decoration comes from Aghirda’ (Frankel, 1983: 34)<br />
0137: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 34)<br />
0138: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 34)<br />
0139: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 34)<br />
0140: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 34)<br />
0141: 1971, ‘Purchased, formerly Bomford Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 34)<br />
0142: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 34)<br />
0143: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 35)<br />
0144: 1971, ‘Purchased: Formerly Bomford Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 35)<br />
0145: 1938, ‘Presented by Prof. R. G. Collingwood, formerly John Ruskin Collection, from Cesnola Collection, shipped from Cyprus in 1875, offered for sale in London in 1876’ (Frankel, 1983: 35)<br />
0146: 1971, ‘Purchased, formerly Bomford Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 35)<br />
0147: 1974, ‘Purchased, formerly Bomford Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 35)<br />
0148: 1974, ‘Purchased, formerly Bomford Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 36)<br />
0149: 1969-1970, ‘Presented by H. W. Catling. <u>Report of the Visitors</u> 1969-1970’ (Frankel, 1983: 36)<br />
0150: 1884, ‘Presented by the Rev. G. J. Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 36)<br />
0151: n.d., ‘On loan from J. A. Brew’ (Frankel, 1983: 36)<br />
0152: n.d., ‘On loan from J. A. Brew’ (Frankel, 1983: 36)<br />
0153: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 37)<br />
0154: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 37)<br />
0155: n.d., ‘Probably Myres’ (Frankel, 1983: 37)<br />
0156: n.d., ‘Probably Myres’ (Frankel, 1983: 37)<br />
0157: 1948, ‘Purchased from the Rev. E. A. Sydenham (Sotheby’s…)’ (Frankel, 1983: 37)<br />
0158: 1954, ‘Presented by Dame Elizabeth Kelly’ (Frankel, 1983: 37)<br />
0159: 1956, ‘Presented by Mrs Sladen’ (Frankel, 1983: 37)<br />
0160: n.d., no info (Frankel, 1983: 38)<br />
0161: n.d., ‘Presented by C. L. Woolley (formerly Cesnola Collection)’ (Frankel, 1983: 38)<br />
0162: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 38)<br />
0163: n.d., no info (Frankel, 1983: 38)<br />
0164: 1888, ‘Presented by the Cyprus Exploration Fund’ (Frankel, 1983: 38)<br />
0165: 1885, ‘Ex Flower Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 38)<br />
0166: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 38)<br />
0167: 1885, ‘Ex Flower Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 38)<br />
0168: 1937, ‘Purchased from G. F. Lawrence’ (Frankel, 1983: 39)<br />
0169: 1885, ‘Ex Flower Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 39)<br />
0170: 1948, ‘Presented by Mr Balfour (bought in Cyprus through R. Gunnis from Department of Antiquities)’ (Frankel, 1983: 39)<br />
0171: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 39)<br />
0172: 1911, ‘Formerly Cesnola Collection, obtained by exchange from the Metropolitan Museum, New York’ (Frankel, 1983: 39)<br />
0173: 1949, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 39)<br />
0174: 1886, ‘Purchased from Mr Ogden: said to be from Melos’ (Frankel, 1983: 40)<br />
0175: 1961, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 40)<br />
0176: 1886, ‘Purchased by Sir Arthur Evans from Mr Ogden: said to be from Melos’ (Frankel, 1983: 40)<br />
0177: 1966, ‘Transferred from the Museum of the Warneford Hospital and Clinic, Oxford’ (Frankel, 1983: 40)<br />
0178: 1954, ‘Presented by Dame Elizabeth Kelly’ (Frankel, 1983: 40)<br />
0179: 1911, ‘Formerly Cesnola Collection, obtained by exchange from the Metropolitan Museum, New York’ (Frankel, 1983: 40)<br />
0180: 1948, ‘Presented by Lt. Col. Packe’ (Frankel, 1983: 41)<br />
0181: 1889, ‘Presented by Mrs H. Martyn Kennard’ (Frankel, 1983: 41)<br />
0182: 1927, ‘Presented by J. C. Milne: said to come from Rhodes’ (Frankel, 1983: 41)<br />
0183: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 41)<br />
0184: 1978, ‘Probably presented by Myres. (“JLM 5” written on it)’ (Frankel, 1983: 41)<br />
0185: 1978, ‘Found unnumbered’ (Frankel, 1983: 42)<br />
0186: 1938, ‘Presented by R. G. Collingwood. Ex Ruskin Collection, formerly Cesnola Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 42)<br />
0187: 1911, ‘Formerly Cesnola Collection; obtained by exchange from Metropolitan Museum, New York’ (Frankel, 1983: 42)<br />
0188: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 42)<br />
0189: 1927, ‘Presented by J. G. Milne: said to come from Rhodes’ (Frankel, 1983: 42)<br />
0190: 1956, ‘Presented by Miss I. D. Cook’ (Frankel, 1983: 42)<br />
0191: n.d., no info (Frankel, 1983: 42)<br />
0192: 1885, ‘Ex Flower Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 43)<br />
0193: n.d., ‘Possibly Myres’ (Frankel, 1983: 43)<br />
0194: 1964, no info (Frankel, 1983: 43)<br />
0195: 1911, ‘Formerly Cesnola Collection: obtained by exchange from the Metropolitan Museum, New York’ (Frankel, 1983: 43)<br />
0196: 1933, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s…. (Possibly formerly in Cesnola Collection)’ (Frankel, 1983: 43)<br />
0197: 1954, ‘Presented by Dame Elizabeth Kelly’ (Frankel, 1983: 43)<br />
0198: 1954, ‘Presented by Dame Elizabeth Kelly’ (Frankel, 1983: 43)<br />
0199: n.d., no info (Frankel, 1983: 44)<br />
0200: 1971, ‘Presented by Prof. C. M. Robertson’ (Frankel, 1983: 44)<br />
0201: 1933, ‘Purchased Sotheby’s… (possibly from Alexander di Cesnola collection)’ (Frankel, 1983: 44)<br />
0202: 1974, ‘Purchased. Formerly in the de Clercq Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 44)<br />
0203: 1885, ‘Ex Flower Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 45)<br />
0204: 1970, ‘Presented by Prof. C. M. Robertson’ (Frankel, 1983: 45)<br />
0205: 1953, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 45)<br />
0206: 1933, ‘Purchased Sotheby’s…. possibly formerly Alexander di Cesnola collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 45)<br />
0207: 1933, ‘Purchased Sotheby’s…. (probably formerly Alexander di Cesnola collection)’ (Frankel, 1983: 45)<br />
0208: 1953, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 46)<br />
0209: 1933, ‘Purchased Sotheby’s…. possibly formerly Alexander di Cesnola Collection’ [yes, printed out-of-order] (Frankel, 1983: 45)<br />
0210: 1963, ‘Presented by Mr Richard Falkiner’ (Frankel, 1983: 46)<br />
0211: 1969, ‘Presented by Mr J. Bomford’ (Frankel, 1983: 46)<br />
0212: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 46)<br />
0213: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 46)<br />
0214: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 46)<br />
0215: 1970, ‘Catling. <u>Report of the Visitors</u> 1970’ (Frankel, 1983: 46)<br />
0216: 1889, ‘Presented by H. Martyn Kennard’ (Frankel, 1983: 46)<br />
0217: 1886, ‘Purchased from Mr Ogden’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)<br />
0218: 1885, ‘Ex Flower Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)<br />
0219: 1911, ‘Formerly Cesnola Collection; obtained by exchange from the Metropolitan Museum, New York’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)<br />
0220: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)<br />
0221: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)<br />
0222: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)<br />
0223: 1964, no info (Frankel, 1983: 47)<br />
0224: 1886, ‘Purchased from Mr Ogden’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)<br />
0225: 1911, ‘Formerly Cesnola Collection, obtained by exchange from Metropolitan Museum, New York’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)<br />
0226: 1948, ‘Purchased (formerly collection of Rev. E. A. Sydenham)’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)<br />
0227: 1956, ‘Presented by Sir Leonard Woolley’ (Frankel, 1983: 48)<br />
0228: 1965, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 48)<br />
0229: n.d., ‘Presented by Sir Leonard Woolley (formerly Cesnola Collection)’ (Frankel, 1983: 48)<br />
0230: 1938, ‘Presented by Prof. R. G. Collingwood; formerly John Ruskin Collection, ex Cesnola Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 48)<br />
0231: 1933, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 48)<br />
0232: 1965, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 48)<br />
0233: 1886, ‘Purchased from Mr Ogden, said to be from Melos’ (Frankel, 1983: 49)<br />
0234: 1948, ‘Presented by Mr M. Balfour; bought in Cyprus through R. Gunnis’ (Frankel, 1983: 49)<br />
0235: 1948, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 49)<br />
0236: 1970, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 49)<br />
0237: 1946, ‘Presented by Dr Neville Goodman’ (Frankel, 1983: 49)<br />
0238: 1970, ‘Catling’ [see above] (Frankel, 1983: 49)<br />
0239: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 49)<br />
0240: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 49)<br />
0241: 1927, ‘Presented by Sir Arthur Evans; formerly Sir John Evans Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)<br />
0242: 1927, ‘Presented by Sir Arthur Evans; formerly Sir John Evans Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)<br />
0243: 1927, ‘Presented by Sir Arthur Evans; formerly Sir John Evans Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)<br />
0244: 1927, ‘Presented by Sir Arthur Evans; formerly Sir John Evans Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)<br />
0245: 1927, ‘Presented by Sir Arthur Evans; formerly Sir John Evans Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)<br />
0246: 1927, ‘Presented by Sir Arthur Evans; formerly Sir John Evans Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)<br />
0247: 1927, ‘Presented by Sir Arthur Evans; formerly Sir John Evans Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)<br />
0248: 1884, ‘Presented by G. J. Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)<br />
0249: 1918, ‘Purchased; formerly Cannon Greenwell Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)<br />
<br />
0322: 1976, ‘ex Bomford Collection, formerly de Clercq Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 55)<br />
<br />
0801: 1953, ‘Purchased. Ex. Petrakides Collection, probably from Galinoporni’ (Frankel, 1983: 89)<br />
<br />
0819: 1959, ‘Purchased. Ex Petrakides Collection. [P]robably from Galinoporni’ (Frankel, 1983: 90)<br />
<br />
0827: 1959, ‘Purchased. Petrakides Collection. Said to be from Galinoporni’ (Frankel, 1983: 91)<br />
<br />
0828: 1953, ‘Purchased. Ex Kollokassides [sic] Collection. Said to be from Galinoporni’ (Frankel, 1983: 91)<br />
<br />
0837: 1953, ‘Catling. Ex Petrakides Collection, Larnaca: said to come from the Karpas, probably Galinoporni’ (Frankel, 1983: 92)<br />
<br />
1233-1239: 5 in 1968 and 2 in 1969 (Frankel, 1983: 114-115), ‘Material purchased (with the aid of the Bomford Trust) at Sotheby’s in 1968, and directly from the owners in 1969. Dr H. W. Catling was able to establish that the objects came from a cemetery near Magounda in the Paphos District’ (Frankel, 1983: 114)<br />
<br />
1278-1281: 1 in 1883 and 3 in 1884 (Frankel, 1983: 120-121), ‘Material presented by G. J. Chester[.] (Said to be from Nicosia)’ (Frankel, 1983: 120)samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-5765509109386651822011-02-02T09:45:00.002+00:002011-02-04T07:52:49.719+00:00Badischen State Museum, Karlsruhe; Cypriot antiquitiesIn 1984, Wolfgang Schürmann published a <i>Catalogue of Cypriot Antiquities in Badischen State Museum, Karlsruhe</i> (<a href="#fn1" name="fr1">fn1</a>). Most of its artefacts were ethically-recovered. Its collection showed that it was possible to acquire museum-size collections legally and ethically.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<u>Precautionary principle</u><br />
<br />
There is a tiny amount of confusion about the numbers of probably excavated artefacts in one of the sets in the collection, but it's insignificant (<a href="#fn2" name="fr2">fn2</a>).<br />
<br />
There was 'no certain information about the provenance of the pieces [keinen sicheren Aufschluß über die Provenienz der Stücke]', because they were apparently from (multiple) excavations (Schürmann, 1984: 4).<br />
<br />
Furthermore, 'only about one-third of the items offered were purchased [da nur etwa ein Drittel der angebotenen Stücke angekauft worden ist]'; so, there was no way even to guess where Ohnefalsch-Richter's uninventoried artefacts were from (ibid.).<br />
<br />
However, they were from Ohnefalsch-Richter's 'own excavations [eigenen Grabungen]' anyway (ibid.), and he was a fairly scientific; so, on the precautionary principle, I will presume that they were all excavated, surveyed, or otherwise ethically-recovered from <i>somewhere</i>.<br />
<br />
<u>Numbers</u><br />
<br />
Of the 247 catalogued artefacts, 4 were excluded from the analysis as they were probably made in Cyprus, but deposited in Egypt (and thus collected from Egypt, not Cyprus). Of the 243 other artefacts,<br />
<ul><li>107 were definitely excavated; and</li>
<li>83 were probably excavated by Max Ohnefalsch-Richter,<br />
<ul><li>44 in Idalion,</li>
<li>3 in Agia Paraskevi-Lefkosias, and</li>
<li>36 from unknown locations.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>So, in total, 190 (78.19%) were probably excavated.<br />
<br />
The other 53 (21.81%) were probably looted:<br />
<ul><li>2 had no acquisition date or collection history, but they did have a find-spot, Greek Cypriot majority mixed Nicosia-Agia Paraskevi, so they were probably looted from there before conflict;</li>
<li>45 had pre-conflict acquisition dates, and 'were acquired [erworben]' from 'the art trade [Kunsthandel]', from private antiquities collections and merchants (or from Ohnefalsch-Richter, without any find-spot or other information suggesting that they were ethically-recovered), so they were probably looted before conflict; and</li>
<li>6 (2.47%) 'were acquired' from 'the art trade' between 1964 and 1974, so they were probably conflict antiquities.</li>
</ul><u>Findings</u><br />
<br />
It was refreshing to find Badischen State Museum's collection comprised mostly legal, ethically-recovered antiquities. This shows that it was perfectly possible to acquire museum-size collections legally and ethically.<br />
<br />
Moreover, even the probably looted antiquities were mostly from before the <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2011/01/cypriot-antiquities-law-on-looted.html">1905 Antiquities Law</a> (which first enabled effective punishments for illicit activities); and another couple were from 1908.<br />
<br />
(It's also worth noting that almost all of the artefacts had acquisition dates (if not find-spots): this shows that it was established professional behaviour (and perfectly possible) to keep records.)<br />
<br />
Still, there were six antiquities probably looted during the intercommunal conflict. These serve to remind us that the most professional of institutions have found it acceptable to collect conflict antiquities.<br />
<br />
<u>Footnotes</u><br />
<br />
<a href="#fr1" name="fn1">fn1</a>: <i>Katalog der Kyprischen Antiken im Badischen Landesmuseum Karlsruhe</i>.<br />
<br />
<a href="#fr2" name="fn2">fn2</a>: 38 excavated artefacts 'were acquired [erworben]' from Max Ohnefalsch-Richter in 1891 (Schürmann, 1984: 4; they were B2617-B2652 and F1869-F1870). One of those went missing (ibid.; B2643), so there should have been 37 in the catalogue, but only 36 were identifiable; perhaps one went uncatalogued.<br />
<br />
Then again, if the three of Ohnefalsch-Richter's artefacts with Nicosia-Agia Paraskevi find-spots were included, there would have been 39.<br />
<br />
<u>Bibliography</u><br />
<br />
Schürmann, W. 1984: <i>Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 9: Katalog der kyprischen Antiken im Badischen Landesmuseum Karlsruhe [Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 9: Catalogue of Cypriot antiquities in Badischen State Museum, Karlsruhe]</i>. Gothenburg: Paul Åströms Förlag.<br />
<br />
<u>Data</u><br />
<br />
001: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 9)<br />
002: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 9)<br />
003: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 9)<br />
004: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 9)<br />
005: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 9)<br />
006: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Hagia Paraskevi/Ledrai’ (Schürmann, 1984: 9)<br />
007: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Hagia Paraskevi’ (Schürmann, 1984: 10)<br />
008: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 10)<br />
009: ‘1908 aus der Slg. [from the Sammlung (Collection)] J. Naue, München’ (Schürmann, 1984: 10); ‘B 3057-2058 [Nrs. 9; 18] stammen aus dem 1908 bei H. Helbing in München versteigerten Nachlaß des Historienmalers Prof. Dr. Julius Naue [are from 1908, the estate of historical painter Prof. Dr. Julius Naue, auctioned by H. Helbing in Munich] (s. o. Nr. 3)’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)<br />
010: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 10)<br />
011: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 11)<br />
012: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 11)<br />
013: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 11)<br />
014: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 11)<br />
015: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 12)<br />
016: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 12)<br />
017: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 12)<br />
018: ‘1908 aus der Slg. [Sammlung (Collection)] J. Naue’ (Schürmann, 1984: 12); ‘B 3057-2058 [Nrs. 9; 18] stammen aus dem 1908 bei H. Helbing in München versteigerten Nachlaß des Historienmalers Prof. Dr. Julius Naue [[are from 1908, the estate of historical painter Prof. Dr. Julius Naue, auctioned by H. Helbing in Munich]] (s. o. Nr. 3)’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)<br />
019: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 13)<br />
020: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 13)<br />
021: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 13)<br />
022: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 13)<br />
023: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 13)<br />
024: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 14)<br />
025: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 14)<br />
026: ‘Zwischen 1853 und 1878 aus der Slg. [Sammlung (Collection)] Herlan, sehr wahrscheinlich aus Ägypten [most probably from Egypt]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 14)<br />
027: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 14)<br />
028: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 14)<br />
029: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 15)<br />
030: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 15)<br />
031: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 15)<br />
032: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 15)<br />
033: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 15)<br />
034: ‘1966 aus dem Kunsthandel [from the art trade]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 15); ‘Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wurde die Sammlung durch den Erwerb von bislang sieben weiteren kyprischen Antiken aus dem Kunsthandel ausgebaut [after the Second World War the collection was expanded by the acquisition of yet another seven antiquities from the art trade] (61/31 [Nr. 84]. 66/48 [Nr. 34]. 66/111 [Nr. 58]. 68/24a-b [Nrs. 52-53]. 68/49 [Nr. 50]. 73/108 [Nr. 216])’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)<br />
035: ‘Zwischen 1853 und 1878 aus der Slg. Herlan, sehr wahrscheinlich aus Ägypten [between 1853 and 1878 from the Herlan Collection, most probably from Egypt]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 16)<br />
036: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 16)<br />
037: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 16)<br />
038: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 16)<br />
039: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 16)<br />
040: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 17); ‘B 2918-2947 (davon verschollen B 2927. B 2930. B 2942-2944) wurden im Jahre 1900 durch die Vermittlung des Privatdozenten Dr. R. Hesse in Tübingen aus dem Besitz des deutschen Kaufmanns Martin Westorf in Nikosia erworben; über die Provenienz liegen keine Angaben vor. Auch zur Person Westorfs ist anscheinend nichts bekannt; er scheint aber mit Antiken gehandelt zu haben, wie aus einem Brief Ohnefalsch-Richters vom 13. 1. 1895 hervorgeht, der sic him Archiv des University Museum Philadelphia befindet [B 2918-2947 (including lost B 2927, B 2930, B 2942-2944) were acquired in 1900 through the mediation of adjunct lecturer Dr. R. Hesse in Tübingen from the possession of the German merchant Martin Westorf in Nicosia; there are no details on the provenience. Apparently nothing is known even about the person Westorf; he seems, though, to have handled antiquities, as is apparent from a letter from Ohnefalsch-Richter on 13. 1. 1895, found in the the sic him[?] archives of the University Museum of Philadelphia]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)<br />
041: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 17)<br />
042: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 17)<br />
043: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 17)<br />
044: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 17)<br />
045: ‘1899 von Konsul Dr. C. A. Reinhardt, Kairo; angeblich aus Unterägypten [from Consul Dr. C. A. Reinhardt, Cairo, 1899; supposedly from Lower Egypt]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 17); ‘H 873 und H 883 [Nrs. 45 und 48] wurden 1899 zusammen mit einer umfangreichen Sammlung griechisch-ägyptischer Terrakotten aus dem Besitz des deutschen Konsuls in Kairo, Dr. Carl August Reinardt, erworben; sie sollen in Unterägypten gefunden worden sein [H 873 and H 883 [Nrs. 45 and 48] were acquired in 1899 along with an extensive collection of Greco-Egyptian terracottas from the possession of the German Consul in Cairo, Dr. Carl August Reinardt; they were allegedly found in Lower Egypt]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)<br />
046: ‘1895 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 18); ‘B 2720-2721 [Nrs. 46-47] stamen ebenfalls aus dem Besitz Ohnefalsch-Richters und wurden 1895 erworben [B 2720-2721 [Nrs. 46-47] also come from the property of Ohnefalsch-Richter and were acquired in 1895]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)<br />
047: ‘1895 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 18); ‘B 2720-2721 [Nrs. 46-47] stamen ebenfalls aus dem Besitz Ohnefalsch-Richters und wurden 1895 erworben [B 2720-2721 [Nrs. 46-47] also come from the property of Ohnefalsch-Richter and were acquired in 1895]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)<br />
048: ‘1899 von Konsul Dr. C. A. Reinhardt, Kairo; angeblich aus Unterägypten [from Consul Dr. C. A. Reinardt, Cairo, 1899; supposedly from Lower Egypt]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 18); ‘H 873 und H 883 [Nrs. 45 und 48] wurden 1899 zusammen mit einer umfangreichen Sammlung griechisch-ägyptischer Terrakotten aus dem Besitz des deutschen Konsuls in Kairo, Dr. Carl August Reinardt, erworben; sie sollen in Unterägypten gefunden worden sein [H 873 and H 883 [Nrs. 45 and 48] were acquired in 1899 along with an extensive collection of Greco-Egyptian terracottas from the possession of the German Consul in Cairo, Dr. Carl August Reinardt; they were allegedly found in Lower Egypt]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)<br />
049: ‘1879 in Athen erworben [acquired]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 19); ‘B 1532 [Nr. 49] 1879 durch die Vermittlung A. Furtwänglers aus dem Athener Kunsthandel erworben [B 1532 [Nr. 49] was acquired by the A. Furtwänglers Agency from the Athens art trade]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)<br />
050: ‘1968 aus dem Kunsthandel erworben [acquired from the art trade in 1968]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 19); ‘Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wurde die Sammlung durch den Erwerb von bislang sieben weiteren kyprischen Antiken aus dem Kunsthandel ausgebaut [after the Second World War the collection was expanded by the acquisition of yet another seven antiquities from the art trade] (61/31 [Nr. 84]. 66/48 [Nr. 34]. 66/111 [Nr. 58]. 68/24a-b [Nrs. 52-53]. 68/49 [Nr. 50]. 73/108 [Nr. 216])’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)<br />
051: ‘1885 von J. Naue, München’ (Schürmann, 1984: 19)<br />
052: ‘1968 aus dem Kunsthandel erworben [acquired], angeblich zusammen gefunden mit [allegedly together with] 68/24b (Nr. 53)’ (Schürmann, 1984: 20); ‘B 2184-2185, 1885 von dem Münchener Historienmaler Prof. Dr. Julius Naue gestiftet. Naue stand mit Ohnefalsch-Richter in Verbindung und hat zeitweise für ihn gezeichnet, so daß diese Stücke wahrscheinlich ursprünglich aus Richters Besitz stammten [B 2184-2185, were donated in 1885 by the Münchener historical painter Prof. Dr. Julius Naue. Naue was connected with Ohnefalsch-Richter and had at times drawn for him, so that the pieces probably originally came from Ohnefalsch-Richter]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4); ‘Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wurde die Sammlung durch den Erwerb von bislang sieben weiteren kyprischen Antiken aus dem Kunsthandel ausgebaut [after the Second World War the collection was expanded by the acquisition of yet another seven antiquities from the art trade] (61/31 [Nr. 84]. 66/48 [Nr. 34]. 66/111 [Nr. 58]. 68/24a-b [Nrs. 52-53]. 68/49 [Nr. 50]. 73/108 [Nr. 216])’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)<br />
053[a]: ‘1968 aus dem Kunsthandel erworben, angeblich zusammen gefunden mit [acquired from the art trade in 1968, allegedly together with] 68/24a (Nr. 52)’ (Schürmann, 1984: 20); ‘Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wurde die Sammlung durch den Erwerb von bislang sieben weiteren kyprischen Antiken aus dem Kunsthandel ausgebaut [after the Second World War the collection was expanded by the acquisition of yet another seven antiquities from the art trade] (61/31 [Nr. 84]. 66/48 [Nr. 34]. 66/111 [Nr. 58]. 68/24a-b [Nrs. 52-53]. 68/49 [Nr. 50]. 73/108 [Nr. 216])’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)<br />
053[b]: [N.B.: YES, two entries numbered 53, AND a number 54…] ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 20)<br />
054: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 21)<br />
055: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Hagia Paraskevi’ (Schürmann, 1984: 21)<br />
056: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 21)<br />
057: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 22)<br />
058: ‘1966 aus dem Kunsthandel [from the art trade in 1966]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 22); ‘Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wurde die Sammlung durch den Erwerb von bislang sieben weiteren kyprischen Antiken aus dem Kunsthandel ausgebaut [after the Second World War the collection was expanded by the acquisition of yet another seven antiquities from the art trade] (61/31 [Nr. 84]. 66/48 [Nr. 34]. 66/111 [Nr. 58]. 68/24a-b [Nrs. 52-53]. 68/49 [Nr. 50]. 73/108 [Nr. 216])’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)<br />
059: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 22)<br />
060: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 22)<br />
061: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 23)<br />
062: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 23)<br />
063: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 23)<br />
064: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 23)<br />
065: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 23)<br />
066: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 23)<br />
067: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 24)<br />
068: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 24)<br />
069: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 24)<br />
070: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 24)<br />
071: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 24)<br />
072: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 25)<br />
073: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 25)<br />
074: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 25)<br />
075: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 25)<br />
076: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 26)<br />
077: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 26)<br />
078: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 26)<br />
079: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 26)<br />
080: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 26)<br />
081: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 27)<br />
082: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 27)<br />
083: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 27)<br />
084: ‘1961 aus dem Kunsthandel’ (Schürmann, 1984: 27); ‘Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wurde die Sammlung durch den Erwerb von bislang sieben weiteren kyprischen Antiken aus dem Kunsthandel ausgebaut [after the Second World War the collection was expanded by the acquisition of yet another seven antiquities from the art trade] (61/31 [Nr. 84]. 66/48 [Nr. 34]. 66/111 [Nr. 58]. 68/24a-b [Nrs. 52-53]. 68/49 [Nr. 50]. 73/108 [Nr. 216])’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)<br />
085: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 28)<br />
086: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 28)<br />
087: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 28)<br />
088: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 28)<br />
089: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 28)<br />
090: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 28)<br />
091: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 29)<br />
092: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 29)<br />
093: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 29)<br />
094: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 29)<br />
095: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 29)<br />
096: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 29)<br />
097: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 29)<br />
098: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 30)<br />
099: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 30)<br />
100: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 30)<br />
101: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 30)<br />
102: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 30)<br />
103: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 30)<br />
104: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 30)<br />
105: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 31)<br />
106: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 31)<br />
107: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 31)<br />
108: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 31)<br />
109: excavated (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); descriptions (Schürmann, 1984: 33-52); ‘Alle im folgenden bescriebenen Statuetten und Statuettenfragmente stamen aus den Grabungen M. Ohnefalsch-Richters im Aphrodite/Astarte-Heiligtum von Idalion und wurden 1887 erworben [all of the following statues and statue fragments come from the excavations of M. Ohnefalsch-Richter at the Aphrodite/Astarte sanctuary in Idalion and were acquired in 1887]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 32)<br />
110: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
111: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
112: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
113: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
114: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
115: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
116: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
117: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
118: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
119: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
120: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
121: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
122: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
123: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
124: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
125: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
126: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
127: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
128: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
129: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
130: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
131: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
132: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
133: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
134: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
135: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
136: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
137: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
138: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
139: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
140: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
141: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
142: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
143: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
144: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
145: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
146: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
147: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
148: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
149: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
150: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
151: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
152: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
153: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
154: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
155: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
156: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
157: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
158: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
159: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
160: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
161: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
162: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
163: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
164: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
165: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
166: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
167: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
168: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
169: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
170: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
171: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
172: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
173: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
174: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
175: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
176: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
177: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
178: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
179: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
180: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
181: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
182: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
183: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
184: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
185: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
186: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
187: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
188: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
189: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
190: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
191: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
192: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
193: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
194: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
195: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
196: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
197: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
198: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
199: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
200: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
201: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
202: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
203: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
204: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
205: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
206: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
207: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
208: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
209: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
210: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
211: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
212: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
213: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
214: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
215: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109<br />
216: ‘1973 aus dem Kunsthandel [from the art trade in 1973]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 53); ‘Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wurde die Sammlung durch den Erwerb von bislang sieben weiteren kyprischen Antiken aus dem Kunsthandel ausgebaut [after the Second World War the collection was expanded by the acquisition of yet another seven antiquities from the art trade] (61/31 [Nr. 84]. 66/48 [Nr. 34]. 66/111 [Nr. 58]. 68/24a-b [Nrs. 52-53]. 68/49 [Nr. 50]. 73/108 [Nr. 216])’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)<br />
217: ‘1885 von J. Naue, München’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54); ‘B 2184-2185, 1885 von dem Münchener Historienmaler Prof. Dr. Julius Naue gestiftet. Naue stand mit Ohnefalsch-Richter in Verbindung und hat zeitweise für ihn gezeichnet, so daß diese Stücke wahrscheinlich ursprünglich aus Richters Besitz stammten [B 2184-2185, donated in 1885 by the Münchener historical painter Prof. Dr. Julius Naue. Naue was connected with Ohnefalsch-Richter and had at times drawn for him, so that the pieces probably originally came from Ohnefalsch-Richter]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)<br />
218: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)<br />
219: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 218]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)<br />
220: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 218]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)<br />
221: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 218]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)<br />
222: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 218]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)<br />
223: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)<br />
224: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 223]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)<br />
225: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 223]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)<br />
226: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 223]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)<br />
227: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 223]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)<br />
228: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 223]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)<br />
229: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 223]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)<br />
230: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)<br />
231: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)<br />
232: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 231]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)<br />
233: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)<br />
234: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)<br />
235: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)<br />
236: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 235]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 56)<br />
237: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 235]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 56)<br />
238: ‘Aus Hagia Paraskevi [from Nicosia-Agia Paraskevi]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 56)<br />
239: ‘Aus Hagia Paraskevi [from Nicosia-Agia Paraskevi]?’ (Schürmann, 1984: 56)<br />
240: ‘1885 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 56)<br />
241: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 56)<br />
242: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 241]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 56)<br />
243: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 56)<br />
244: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 57)<br />
245: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 567)<br />
246: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 245]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 57)samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-33634019953538438112011-02-01T02:58:00.002+00:002011-02-02T09:52:05.808+00:00Aigyptoi: pws na 3eperasete ton fragmo ths kybernhshs sto internet!Αιγύπτιοι! Πώς να ξεπεράσετε τον φραγμό της κυβέρνησης στο ίντερνετ!<br />
<br />
Έχω μεταφράσει τι είπε ένας Αιγυπτολόγος, ο Steve Harvey.<br />
<br />
(Το μετέφρασα γρήγωρα, έτσι με συγχωρείτε για κανένα λάθος μου...)<br />
<br />
Αν ξέρετε κανέναν στην Αίγυπτο, παρακαλώ του τούτο δώσετε.<br />
<br />
Να περάσετε απ'το μπλοκ του διαδικτύου, χρησιμοποιήσετε το IP:<br />
<br />
Twitter: "128.242.240.52"<br />
<br />
Facebook: "69.63.189.34"<br />
<br />
Google: "172.14.204.99"<br />
<br />
Ένα γάλλικο ISP προσφέρει δωρεάν πρόσβαση στη τηλεφωνική γραμμή +33 1 72 89 01 50 με τον κωδικό toto.samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-30317454264769439662011-02-01T02:57:00.001+00:002011-02-02T09:51:33.300+00:00Egyptian Revolution: how to get past government internet blockEgyptologist Steve Harvey says:<br />
<br />
If you know anyone in Egypt, please pass this on to them.<br />
<br />
To bypass government blocking of websites, use numerical IP addresses:<br />
<br />
Twitter "128.242.240.52"<br />
<br />
Facebook: "69.63.189.34"<br />
<br />
Google: "172.14.204.99"<br />
<br />
A French ISP offers free dial up internet access ~ +33 1 72 89 01 50 ~ Login password: toto.samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-77794687262885644102011-01-31T07:30:00.002+00:002011-02-08T12:06:32.781+00:00Egyptian Revolution: government thugs looting democracy protesters' communities, museumsI don't know enough to say anything significant about the Egyptian Revolution. However, it is clear that a lot of the looters have been exposed as disguised government thugs, looting democracy protesters' communities and museums in a pathetic attempt to make the democratic revolutionaries look like criminals.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
[11.29am update]<br />
<br />
The former Director of the Egyptian Museum of Antiquities, Wafaa el-Saddik, has stated that some of the looters are the museum's/museums' own guards, because:<br />
<blockquote>They are paid very poorly. I wrote the fingers crooked and asking for more money for these people. All for free. A security guard earns about 250 Egyptian pounds, or 35 € a month. We have about 160 security guards plus several dozen police officers who are basically conscripts in police uniforms. These policemen earn even less.</blockquote>That is unsurprising; but it is important to acknowledge it as well, because now we have reliable accounts of both regime-backed counter-revolutionary looting, and spontaneous, poverty-stricken community looting.<br />
<br />
Archaeologists can stop in-fighting over who's to blame and start putting all of their energy into minimising the harm done to Egyptian cultural heritage.<br />
<br />
Anyone with any contacts in their country's police, customs, border controls, etc., should ask them to <i>alert the agency to the need to watch out for looted Egyptian antiquities</i>.<br />
<br />
[Original post continued...]<br />
<br />
I am glad that none of the people I have heard blithely say that they "wished they were there", when "there" is somewhere people are getting beaten and killed for demanding democracy and non-violence (or say anything else equally annoying but less offensive to struggling and suffering Egyptians), have been friends.<br />
<br />
As for finding trustworthy sources of information, basically, what <a href="http://passiminpassing.blogspot.com/2011/01/sifting-through-layers-in-egypt.html">she</a> said:<br />
<ul><li>specifically on the looting, lots of friends and colleagues have highly recommended <a href="http://www.eloquentpeasant.com/">Egyptologist Margaret Maitland's blog, Eloquent Peasant</a>;</li>
<li>more generally, al-Jazeera has <a href="http://english.aljazeera.net/">news</a> and <a href="http://twitter.com/AJEnglish">twitter</a>; CNN's Ben Wedeman <a href="https://twitter.com/bencnn">tweets</a> too.</li>
</ul>Other than what she said, <a href="http://hyperallergic.com/tag/egypt/">hyperallergic</a> has loads of great stuff on looting and vandalism of Egyptian museums, archaeological sites and cultural places [and the <a href="http://egyptopaedia.com/2011/">Egyptological Looting Database 2011</a> is great].<br />
<br />
<a href="http://paul-barford.blogspot.com/2011/01/egypt-looting-follow-stories.html">Paul Barford</a> recommended <a href="http://egyptology.blogspot.com/">Egyptology News</a> and <a href="http://www.kv64.info/">News from the Valley of the Kings</a> (amongst others); and <a href="http://art-crime.blogspot.com/2011/01/reports-of-looting-and-theft-throughout.html">Derek</a> <a href="http://illicit-cultural-property.blogspot.com/2011/01/reports-of-looting-and-theft-throughout.html">Fincham</a> recommended <a href="http://bikyamasr.com/">bikyamasr</a>, for Egypt generally and its looting specifically.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/dancefromiraq">Louis B. Lewarne</a> lives and tweets in Cairo. Occupied London has <i>Reports from the <a href="http://www.occupiedlondon.org/cairo/">Egyptian Uprising</a></i>. <i>The Guardian</i> has a good <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/blog/2011/jan/30/egypt-protests-live-updates">live blog</a> of incoming information (when its staff are awake); but Reuters has a 24hr <a href="http://live.reuters.com/uk/Event/Unrest_in_Egypt">live feed</a>.<br />
<br />
[Egyptological Looting Database 2011 link inserted on the 8th of February 2011.]samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-65967425297178291142011-01-28T18:00:00.001+00:002011-01-30T02:28:07.836+00:00student activism on illicit antiquities tradeAn intern at Saving Antiquities For Everyone (SAFE), Meg, is 'designing and launching a campaign' promoting student awareness of and <a href="http://mouthyheritage.blogspot.com/p/about.html">activism</a> against the illicit antiquities trade.<br />
<br />
Complementing that, this month, she started a blog on <i>Things You Can't Take Back</i>:<br />
<blockquote>Until now, there has been no discernible widespread effort by college students to promote awareness or incite activism to curb a trade that is inextricably connected to our own lives, from the museums we visit to the terrorism we hear or experience every day....<br />
<br />
This blog seeks to fill the huge gap in the existing blogosphere and informational sources in order to enable college students to find the information they need to help prevent making our history and archaeology degrees totally irrelevant.</blockquote>samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-60341996028305147232011-01-28T04:30:00.001+00:002011-01-28T04:30:00.833+00:00Boy George returned stolen Cypriot iconGeorge Alan O'Dowd - Boy George - has quickly and gracefully returned a <a href="http://mouthyheritage.blogspot.com/2011/01/boy-george-righter-of-wrongs.html">Greek Cypriot Orthodox Christian icon, stolen</a> from the Church of Agios Charalambous in Neochorio-Kythreas in northern Cyprus. (He returned it to the Orthodox Church in southern Cyprus.)<br />
<br />
I should have mentioned this more than a week ago, but two things prevented me: first, Boy George returned the icon quickly and gracefully; and second, my Greek Cypriot friends and I have been laughing ever since about how the Orthodox priests found out he had any icon to return...samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17744269.post-68551976650277652842011-01-21T03:45:00.044+00:002011-02-08T10:29:30.701+00:00Cypriot antiquities, Severis Collection - intercommunal conflict, bicommunal illicit antiquities tradeThe Leto and Costakis Severis Collection was largely built from Cypriot antiquities looted during the intercommunal conflict.<br />
<br />
Contrary to nationalist histories of the Cyprus Conflict, and of the plundering of Cypriot cultural heritage, it is very clear that, even during the intercommunal conflict, there was a bicommunal illicit antiquities trade; and still now, the only hope of combating this paramilitary-controlled, organised crime is bicommunal cooperation.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<u>Background</u><br />
<br />
Before, I noted that the Severis Collection was one of the <i><a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2009/06/cyprus-1963-1974-large-private.html">Large Private Collections</a> of Looted Antiquities</i>, which were created as part of the Greek Cypriot administration's secret programme of "antiquities rescue" during the intercommunal conflict.<br />
<br />
I also used material from the Severis Collection to question whether that secret programme was really <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2009/06/cypriot-antiquities-severis-salvage-or.html">salvage</a>. However, now I have reviewed the original collection catalogue (and the recent additions to its newest edition).<br />
<br />
The collection catalogue is a fair-sized sample; and all of it was fairly definitely collected between December 1963 and December 1973 (during the intercommunal conflict); so it is quite interesting.<br />
<br />
<u>Collection history</u><br />
<br />
The Cyprus Museum and the Swedish Cyprus Expedition inspired Leto Lymbouridou to become an archaeologist; and the New York Institute of Archaeology accepted her a a student; but sadly, her mother 'rejected... "digging in the earth for earthenware"' as unwifely behaviour (D. C. Severis, 2010: 13).<br />
<br />
Yet (married as Leto Lymbouridou-Severis), her father-in-law Demosthenis Severis collected antiquities, and 'encouraged' her to do so (ibid.). She collected more than 2,500 artefacts, though more than 600 of those were 'looted' from Kyrenia after the Greek coup and Turkish invasion of 1974 (ibid.: 14).<br />
<br />
Reaffirming my previous argument that undocumented antiquities were unlikely to come from before 1935, Leto Severis's son, Demosthenis C. Severis (1999: 7), noted that 'antique pieces started to appear more frequently and in greater quantities' after 1945.<br />
<br />
It is true that antiquities laws were 'looser' at that time (ibid.); however, as I showed in my post on <i><a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2011/01/cypriot-antiquities-law-on-looted.html">Cypriot Antiquities Law</a> on Looted Artefacts and Private Collections</i>, the laws were not still quite tight. It shames British colonial government that collectors found 'acquisition of objects almost unrestricted' (ibid.).<br />
<br />
Even then, the Severis family collected few antiquities before 1963: the Severis Collection was built 'mainly' from antiquities looted 'from the early 1960s to the early 1970s' (Karageorghis, 1999: 17).<br />
<br />
Vassos Karageorghis (1999: 17), who was the Greek Cypriot antiquities director during that decade of intercommunal conflict, presented it as a problem of 'looting... in Turkish Cypriote villages – enclaves' under the control of Turkish Cypriot nationalist paramilitaries (besieged by Greek Cypriot nationalist paramilitaries).<br />
<br />
As I have mentioned elsewhere, Karageorghis (1999: 17) explained that,<br />
<blockquote>the Department of Antiquities... decided to follow a policy of "silent accord", allowing Cypriots who had access to the Turkish enclaves to buy the "spoils" of looting so that these should remain in the country and not be exported abroad... [by] foreign diplomats, members of foreign missions and others....</blockquote>Yet, as I show below, the evidence from this collection (and from others I have discussed before) reveals that those Greek Cypriot private antiquities collectors also collected looted antiquities from Greek Cypriot villages under the control of the Greek Cypriot authorities.<br />
<blockquote>The most important of them [the 'large private collections'] are the Hadjiprodromou Collection (Famagusta), the Pierides Collection (Larnaca) and the Severis Collection (Nicosia) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17).</blockquote>(For another example, look at the <a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2011/01/cypriot-antiquities-pierides-foundation.html">Pierides Foundation Museum</a> Collection.)<br />
<br />
Demosthenis C. Severis inherited the Leto and Costakis Collection, and made it a 'long term loan' to the Constantine Leventis Wing of the Leventis Municipal Museum of Nicosia (Karageorghis, 2010: 11).<br />
<br />
<u>Caution over numbers</u><br />
<br />
An art historian at Eastern Mediterranean University, Associate Professor Marc Fehlmann (2007), examined three large private collections of Cypriot antiquities in a conference paper <i>On the Situation of Cultural Heritage in Northern Cyprus</i>.<br />
<br />
Fehlmann used David Gill and Chris Chippindale's (1993) study of Greek antiquities to guide his study of Cypriot antiquities. He included his paper's findings in a (helpfully citable) comment on Gill's blog on <i>Looting Matters</i>:<br />
<blockquote>according to the methods applied by Chippendale and Gill to Cycladic figurines,... <a href="http://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2008/08/cyprus-further-looting.html?showComment=1219316580000#c1061419035593363467">98.4%</a> of the objects in the Severis-Coll[ection]... have no provenance [find-spot] or previous owner at all.</blockquote>[Gill discussed Fehlmann's comment in a blog post on <i><a href="http://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2008/08/cyprus-and-private-collections.html">Cyprus and Private Collections</a></i>.]<br />
<br />
I would also say that I basically followed Gill and Chippindale's (1993) methods for analysing the origins of artefacts; but I have adapted them to the particular, peculiar, context of Cyprus.<br />
<br />
Gill and Chippindale were especially wary of forgeries within the tiny supply of (fewer than two thousand) Cycladic artworks; but I was not especially concerned about forgeries within the massive supply of (hundreds of thousands of) Cypriot antiquities.<br />
<br />
I recognised that there were forgeries of Cypriot artefacts; but I feared that the supply of looted antiquities had continually fed any demand that might otherwise have been fed by a forgery industry.<br />
<br />
Assessing whether an artefact was genuine, and whether it had been recovered ethically or looted, Gill and Chippindale (1993: 611n107) categorised artefacts as '"known"; "said to be [from somewhere]"; "possibly" or "perhaps" [from somewhere]; [or] "unknown"'.<br />
<br />
Gill and Chippindale (1993), Fehlmann (2007; 2008) and I excluded artefacts "possibly" or "perhaps" from somewhere as not known to be from anywhere.<br />
<br />
Gill and Chippindale (1993: 611n107) accepted artefacts' 'vague' find-spots like 'Asia Minor' as <i>known</i>, though they 'may not [have been] much more than a restatement of their... style'. (Particularly because I used find-spots to identify looting communities) I judged such find-spots too vague and rejected them.<br />
<br />
At the same time, since reporting something was "said to be" from somewhere was merely 'the usual undocumented and unsubstantiated assertion', Gill and Chippindale (1993: 612) rejected it as unreliable. As I will now explain, I accepted something "probably" or "said to be" from somewhere as from that place.<br />
<br />
<u>Confidence in numbers</u><br />
<br />
Unlike Fehlmann, I believe that we can have reasonable confidence in the find-spots given in the introduction to <i>Ancient Cypriote Art in the Severis Collection</i> (and in Cypriot antiquities catalogues more generally).<br />
<br />
Karageorghis does use uncertain words and phrases: some things "may have come" from one place; other things "may have been found" in another place; some artefacts were "typical" of finds from one archaeological site, and they were collected when that site was looted.<br />
<br />
However, those uncertain words hide certain knowledge. For example, the catalogue records only that,<br />
<blockquote>The groups of vases (cat. nos. 12-20)... are typical of the Philia stage pottery and it is quite possible that they may have come from Marki-Davari, which was thoroughly looted during the years when the Collection was formed (Karageorghis, 1999: 33).</blockquote>Later, it recognises only that,<br />
<blockquote>It is quite possible that this dagger blade [cat. no. 22] may have come from the same tomb as the Philia phase wares discussed above (cat. nos. 12-20) (Karageorghis, 1999: 43).</blockquote>Now, it is possible that an archaeologist might speculate about the village in which an artefact was <i>made</i> by the artefact's style; but it is completely unbelievable that Karageorghis would speculate about the specific tomb in which an artefact was <i>put</i> if he did not <i>know</i>.<br />
<br />
(There was a similar example, from another antiquities department archaeologist, in my review of <i><a href="http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2009/07/cypriot-museums-looted-artefacts.html">Cypriot Museums' Looted Artefacts</a>' Acquisitions, 1961-1976</i>.)<br />
<br />
Furthermore, Karageorghis (1999: 17; 18; 258) felt confident enough about another 64 artefacts' find-spots to name the specific cemeteries from which they - 001-009, 064-072, 075-085, 125-155, 210-212 and 233 - "likely", "most probably", or "no doubt" came.<br />
<br />
I did accept 'said to have been found in a tomb at Marki or Kotchati' as a find-spot for #035 (Karageorghis, 1999: 58); but Marki and Kotsiatis were neighbouring, Turkish Cypriot villages; and they formed a single Turkish Cypriot enclave during the intercommunal conflict.<br />
<br />
<u>Numbers</u><br />
<br />
There were 257 artefacts in the 1999 catalogue, and those 257 plus 31 additional artefacts in the 2010 catalogue. All of the 288 catalogued artefacts were probably looted during the intercommunal conflict.<br />
<br />
However, 211 (73.26%) had no information whatsoever, so we cannot know from where or, thus, by whom they were looted. Of the 77 artefacts with find-spots,<br />
<ul><li>9 were from Turkish Cypriot Souskiou;</li>
<li>13 were from Turkish Cypriot Marki;</li>
<li>20 were from Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni;</li>
<li>31 were from ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias); and</li>
<li>4 were from ancient Marion (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou).</li>
</ul>So, 42 (55.45%) were probably looted by Turkish Cypriots, 35 (45.45%) by Greek Cypriots.<br />
<br />
Obviously, Turkish Cypriot involvement in looting was disproportional to the size of the community; but that was unsurprising, because of their economic and political plight. What has become equally unsurprising, though, is significant Greek Cypriot participation in looting.<br />
<br />
<u>Conclusion</u><br />
<br />
Yet again, evidence contradicts politically convenient, nationalist histories of the Cyprus Conflict, and of the plundering of Cypriot cultural heritage. Even during the intercommunal conflict, there was a bicommunal illicit antiquities trade; and still now, the communities need to stand together to fight against it.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, this collection catalogue only confirms my conclusion in the discussion of Karageorghis's (1975) rescue excavation report on (which had previously published some of the artefacts in this collection):<br />
<blockquote>Sadly..., it seems that Greek Cypriot archaeologists knew of and accepted Greek Cypriot private collectors buying Greek Cypriot-looted antiquities in the areas controlled by the Greek Cypriot administration and its police.<br />
<br />
... [P]rivate collectors bought Greek Cypriot-looted antiquities, rather than reporting the looters to the Greek Cypriot police; and archaeologists catalogued, legalised and published the collections of illicit antiquities, rather than reporting the collectors to the Greek Cypriot police.</blockquote><u>Bibliography</u><br />
<br />
Fehlmann, M. 2007: "On the situation of cultural heritage in northern Cyprus [Beobachtungen zu kulturellen Erbe in Nordzypern]". Paper presented at the Swiss UNESCO Commission Day of Information and Exchange on Two Years of Implementation in Switzerland of the Federal Law on the International Transfer of Cultural Property [Jourée d'Information et d'Échange sur Deux Ans d'Application en Suisse de la Loi Fédérale sur le Transfer International des Biens Culturels (LTBC)], Berne, Switzerland, 30th May.<br />
<br />
Fehlmann, M. 2008: "Cyprus: Further looting – comment". <u>Looting Matters</u> [weblog], 21st August. Available at: <a href="http://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2008/08/cyprus-further-looting.html?showComment=1219316580000#c1061419035593363467">http://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2008/08/cyprus-further-looting.html?showComment=1219316580000#c1061419035593363467</a><br />
<br />
Gill, D W and Chippindale, C. 1993: "Material and intellectual consequences of esteem for Cycladic figures". <u>American Journal of Archaeology</u>, Volume 97, Number 4, 601-659.<br />
<br />
Gill, D W. 2008: "Cyprus and private collections". <u>Looting Matters</u> [weblog], 23rd August. Available at: <a href="http://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2008/08/cyprus-and-private-collections.html">http://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2008/08/cyprus-and-private-collections.html</a><br />
<br />
Karageorghis, V. 1975: <i>Alaas: A Protogeometric necropolis in Cyprus</i>. Nicosia: Republic of Cyprus Department of Antiquities.<br />
<br />
Karageorghis, V. 1999: <i>Ancient Cypriote art in the Severis Collection</i>. Athens: Costakis and Leto Severis Foundation.<br />
<br />
Karageorghis, V. 2010: <i>Ancient Cypriote art in the Leto and Costakis Severis Collection</i>. Nicosia: the Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation and the Leventis Municipal Museum, Nicosia.<br />
<br />
Severis, D C. 1999: "Prologue". In Karageorghis, V, (Au.). <i>Ancient Cypriote art in the Severis Collection</i>, 6-8. Athens: Costakis and Leto Severis Foundation.<br />
<br />
Severis, D C. 2010: "Prologue". In Karageorghis, V, (Au.). <i>Ancient Cypriote art in the Leto and Costakis Severis Collection</i>, 13-14. Nicosia: the Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation and the Leventis Municipal Museum, Nicosia.<br />
<br />
<u>Data</u><br />
<br />
(Reading the original collection catalogue was perhaps my first attempt at collecting data from antiquities catalogues. I did not write down the numbers of the pages on which I found no information.)<br />
<br />
<i>The Severis Collection (1999)</i><br />
<br />
001: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 22)<br />
002: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 22)<br />
003: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 22)<br />
004: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 22)<br />
005: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 22)<br />
006: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 22)<br />
007: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 18)<br />
008: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 18)<br />
009: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 18)<br />
010: n.d., no info<br />
011: n.d., no info<br />
012: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 33)<br />
013: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 33)<br />
014: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 33)<br />
015: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 33)<br />
016: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 33)<br />
017: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 33)<br />
018: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 33)<br />
019: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 33)<br />
020: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 33)<br />
021: n.d., no info<br />
022: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 43)<br />
023: n.d., no info<br />
024: n.d., no info<br />
025: n.d., no info<br />
026: n.d., no info<br />
027: n.d., no info<br />
028: n.d., no info<br />
029: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
030: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
031: n.d., no info<br />
032: n.d., no info<br />
033: n.d., no info<br />
034: n.d., no info<br />
035 Turkish Cypriot Marki/Kotchati (Karageorghis, 1999: 58)<br />
036: n.d., no info<br />
037: n.d., no info<br />
038: n.d., no info<br />
039: n.d., no info<br />
040: n.d., no info<br />
041: n.d., no info<br />
042: n.d., no info<br />
043: n.d., no info<br />
044: n.d., no info<br />
045: n.d., no info<br />
046: n.d., no info<br />
047: n.d., no info<br />
048: n.d., no info<br />
049: n.d., no info<br />
050: n.d., no info<br />
051: n.d., no info<br />
052: n.d., no info<br />
053: n.d., no info<br />
054: n.d., no info<br />
055: n.d., no info<br />
056: n.d., no info<br />
057: n.d., no info<br />
058: n.d., no info<br />
059: n.d., no info<br />
060: n.d., no info<br />
061: n.d., no info<br />
062: n.d., no info<br />
063: n.d., no info<br />
064: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
065: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
066: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
067: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
068: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
069: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
070: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
071: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
072: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
073: n.d., no info<br />
074: n.d., no info<br />
075: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
076: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
077: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
078: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
079: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
080: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
081: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
082: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
083: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
084: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
085: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
086: n.d., no info<br />
087: n.d., no info<br />
088: n.d., no info<br />
089: n.d., no info<br />
090: n.d., no info<br />
091: n.d., no info<br />
092: n.d., no info<br />
093: n.d., no info<br />
094: n.d., no info<br />
095: n.d., no info<br />
096: n.d., no info<br />
097: n.d., no info<br />
098: n.d., no info<br />
099: n.d., no info<br />
100: n.d., no info<br />
101: n.d., no info<br />
102: n.d., no info<br />
103: n.d., no info<br />
104: n.d., no info<br />
105: n.d., no info<br />
106: n.d., no info<br />
107: n.d., no info<br />
108: n.d., no info<br />
109: n.d., no info<br />
110: n.d., no info<br />
111: n.d., no info<br />
112: n.d., no info<br />
113: n.d., no info<br />
114: n.d., no info<br />
115: n.d., no info<br />
116: n.d., no info<br />
117: n.d., no info<br />
118: n.d., no info<br />
119: n.d., no info<br />
120: n.d., no info<br />
121: n.d., no info<br />
122: n.d., no info<br />
123: n.d., no info<br />
124: n.d., no info<br />
125: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
126: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
127: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
128: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
129: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
130: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
131: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
132: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
133: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
134: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
135: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
136: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
137: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
138: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
139: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
140: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
141: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
142: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
143: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
144: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
145: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
146: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
147: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
148: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
149: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
150: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
151: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
152: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
153: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
154: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
155: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)<br />
156: n.d., no info<br />
157: n.d., no info<br />
158: n.d., no info<br />
159: n.d., no info<br />
160: n.d., no info<br />
161: n.d., no info<br />
162: n.d., no info<br />
163: n.d., no info<br />
164: n.d., no info<br />
165: n.d., no info<br />
166: n.d., no info<br />
167: n.d., no info<br />
168: n.d., no info<br />
169: n.d., no info<br />
170: n.d., no info<br />
171: n.d., no info<br />
172: n.d., no info<br />
173: n.d., no info<br />
174: n.d., no info<br />
175: n.d., no info<br />
176: n.d., no info<br />
177: n.d., no info<br />
178: n.d., no info<br />
179: n.d., no info<br />
180: n.d., no info<br />
181: n.d., no info<br />
182: n.d., no info<br />
183: n.d., no info<br />
184: n.d., no info<br />
185: n.d., no info<br />
186: n.d., no info<br />
187: n.d., no info<br />
188: n.d., no info<br />
189: n.d., no info<br />
190: n.d., no info<br />
191: n.d., no info<br />
192: n.d., no info<br />
193: n.d., no info<br />
194: n.d., no info<br />
195: n.d., no info<br />
196: n.d., no info<br />
197: n.d., no info<br />
198: n.d., no info<br />
199: n.d., no info<br />
200: n.d., no info<br />
201: n.d., no info<br />
202: n.d., no info<br />
203: n.d., no info<br />
204: n.d., no info<br />
205: n.d., no info<br />
206: n.d., no info<br />
207: n.d., no info<br />
208: n.d., no info<br />
209: n.d., no info<br />
210: ancient Marion (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou) (Karageorghis, 1999: 18; 258)<br />
211: ancient Marion (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou) (Karageorghis, 1999: 18; 258)<br />
212: ancient Marion (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou) (Karageorghis, 1999: 18; 258)<br />
213: n.d., no info<br />
214: n.d., no info<br />
215: n.d., no info<br />
216: n.d., no info<br />
217: n.d., no info<br />
218: n.d., no info<br />
219: n.d., no info<br />
220: n.d., no info<br />
221: n.d., no info<br />
222: n.d., no info<br />
223: n.d., no info<br />
224: n.d., no info<br />
225: n.d., no info<br />
226: n.d., no info<br />
227: n.d., no info<br />
228: n.d., no info<br />
229: n.d., no info<br />
230: n.d., no info<br />
231: n.d., no info<br />
232: n.d., no info<br />
233: Marion (Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou) (Karageorghis, 1999: 258)<br />
234: n.d., no info<br />
235: n.d., no info<br />
236: n.d., no info<br />
237: n.d., no info<br />
238: n.d., no info<br />
239: n.d., no info<br />
240: n.d., no info<br />
241: n.d., no info<br />
242: n.d., no info<br />
243: n.d., no info<br />
244: n.d., no info<br />
245: n.d., no info<br />
246: n.d., no info<br />
247: n.d., no info<br />
248: n.d., no info<br />
249: n.d., no info<br />
250: n.d., no info<br />
251: n.d., no info<br />
252: n.d., no info<br />
253: n.d., no info<br />
254: n.d., no info<br />
255: n.d., no info<br />
256: n.d., no info<br />
257: n.d., no info<br />
<br />
<i>The Leto and Costakis Severis Collection (2010)</i><br />
<br />
S1: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 173)<br />
S2: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 174)<br />
S3: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 174)<br />
S4: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 175)<br />
S5: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 175)<br />
S6: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 176)<br />
S7: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 176)<br />
S8: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 177)<br />
S9: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 177)<br />
S10: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 177)<br />
S11: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 178)<br />
S12: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 179)<br />
S13: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 179)<br />
S14: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 180)<br />
S15: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 181)<br />
S16: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 182)<br />
S17: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 182)<br />
S18: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 184)<br />
S19: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 185)<br />
S20: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 187)<br />
S21: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 187)<br />
S22: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 188)<br />
S23: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 189)<br />
S24: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 189)<br />
S25: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 190)<br />
S26: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 190)<br />
S27: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 190)<br />
S28: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 191)<br />
S29: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 191)<br />
S30: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 192)<br />
S31: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 192)<br />
<br />
[Note inserted on the 8th of February 2011.]samarkeologhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15105252320758729314noreply@blogger.com3