human rights archaeology:cultural heritage in conflict

blog, archived

2011-08-27T11:05:00.001+01:00

I decided to officially archive this blog on the day my DPhil was confirmed. But I have waited for the electronic publication of my thesis, Interrogating Archaeological Ethics in Conflict Zones: Cultural Heritage Work in Cyprus, to announce the archiving. From now on, I will blog at Conflict Antiquities.

On Conflict Antiquities, I will concentrate on illicit antiquities trading, organised crime and political violence in Cyprus, Greece and Turkey. As I explain in an introduction to Conflict Antiquities,

I want to study the history of the trade in conflict antiquities; and to explore the relationship between the trade in conflict antiquities and the funding of conflict and violence.

protective Turkish Cypriot Hand of Fatima on Greek Cypriot cemetery; graffiti update

2011-06-21T21:40:00.008+01:00

Thanks to the multilingual skills of Denizaksulu [and Emma Ruby], I have an update on the open hand painting and the Arabic inscriptions. The most important news is that the open hand painting probably is a Hand of Fatima, a Turkish Cypriot prayer for the protection of the Greek Cypriot cemetery.

Since Denizaksulu was going to look for the ship graffiti on the cropped image of Saint Damian(?), I thought I would post the uncropped photograph, and some others besides.

Over on Cyprus Forum, Denizaksulu commented that,

On a church building, in Arabic it ha the word for GOD/ALLAH and then PALESTINE. On the one with the star of david is the name of the graffitti artist. Not totally legible, but begins with ~~'Muhammed'~~ ['Muhsin'] then a surname. Defo not TC. The hand could be an emblem of some party, but not so sure. If the fingers were wide spread, it would be an offensive gesture, but these do look like the hand of Fatima.

[Updated with Emma Ruby's correction on 23rd June 2011.]

So, I've updated my posts on political graffiti and religious inscriptions.

There are carvings of the Star of David all over the cave chapel, including on all five of the figures I show here (Saint Damian(?), Saint Cosmas, Saint George, Archangel Michael, and the Holy Trinity); and there are carvings of ships (fish, and other on Saint Damian(?; fig. 1) and Saint Cosmas (fig. 2).

Figure 1: Agios Damiaios, Palea Enklistra

Figure 2: Agios Kosmas, Palea Enklistra

Figure 3: Agios Georgios, Palea Enklistra

Figure 4: Archangel Michail, Palea Enklistra

Figure 5: Holy Trinity, Palea Enklistra

Turkey's Blogger ban lifted

2011-05-29T17:35:00.001+01:00

I've been offline for far too long. Apparently, Turkey's Blogger ban was lifted ages ago (according to Aaron G. Myers, it was gradually lifted between the 14th of March and the 27th of April).

A Turkish satellite TV provider, Digitürk, complained that some bloggers had infringed upon its copyright (by webcasting its Lig TV channel's matches).

Digitürk's complaint didn't list their individual blogs; and Diyarbakır's court didn't understand, or didn't care about, the difference between individual blogs and blog platforms. So, Turkey banned Blogspot.

Google, Inc. pointed out that they 'rapidly respond by removing content infringing copyrights upon a related legal notification' (and thus that neither Digitürk nor the court had notified Google).

As Bianet explained, Turkish bloggers boycotted Digitürk and football fans demanded 'don't touch my blog [blogumu dokunma]'; though realistically more significantly, the Internet Technologies Association (İNETD) filed a criminal complaint of 'misconduct of office' against Digitürk, Lig TV and the Diyarbakır court.

Then the court reconsidered the ban's necessity.

#22agustos: internet censorship, Turkey

2011-05-27T01:30:00.004+01:00

Sadly, "Take Your Hands Off the Internet (Çekin Artık Elinizi İnternetten)" is a long-standing demand in Turkey; but there is a grave threat of even more censorship from the 22nd of August (22 Ağustos).

[I got so distracted by internet censorship that I forgot to explain the Blogspot-specific ban in this post; I have now summarised the (now-lifted) Blogger ban.]

Halal Internet

Part of the movement for censorship is the desire for "halal internet". 138 words have recently been banned from the Turkish internet domain names, and the excuse was to protect the public from pornography.

However, as Elma+Alt+Shift's image shows, many of the banned words are normal words that can have sexual meanings, like the number "31", or the word "oral" (so, appropriately enough, the Moral System of Islam is now invisible in Turkey).

Many of the banned words have nothing at all to do with porn, like "fire (ateş)", "hikaye (story)", "türbanlı (turbaned)"; the name "Adrienne"; and the English words "got" and "pic[ture]", because the internet cannot distinguish between those and the Turkish words "göt (arse)" and "piç (bastard)".

Appropriately enough, "free" websites are no longer free; "local (yerli)" websites will be even more local, "secret"/"hidden (gizli)" websites will now be truly hidden from Turkey; and, exquisitely, it is forbidden to use the word "forbidden (yasak)".

Other words have nothing to do with pr0n, but are apparently haram in Orthodox Islam, and show the frightening direction of the censorship: "biseksuel", "gay"/"gey"/"homoseksüel", "lesbian"/"lezbiyen", "travesti" (though, because it is incompetent bigotry, not "bisexual", "homosexual", "transvestite" or "transsexual").

(Kolodor yasak kelimeleri ele aldı.)

Even the legality and rules of the word ban are, politely, 'inconsistent'; and they may be 'unconstitutional'. On top of that, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) is already investigating a different Turkish internet ban (including on Ahmet Yıldırım's academic blog).

Amnesty guestimates that tens of thousands of websites are banned. Milliyet considered, '[t]here is no Internet Censorship; however one million websites are banned'; and banned websites are in distinguished company, as past victims include the Human Rights Association, the BBC and Google.

(I think the difference in numbers is due to some banned web addresses being entire platforms (like Blogspot or Youtube), which host many more sites. A (very) full list is available on Engelli Web (via street, with groups like Censor the Censor (Sansüre Sansür, which has a website and a blog), and websites like We Are Being Watched (İzleniyoruz) and Uncensored Internet (Sansürsüz İnternet).

As far as I know, Don't Touch My Internet (İnternetime Dokunma) is a new group against the new movement for more censorship; and you can follow popular discussion via the Twitter hashtag, #22agustos.

BestVPNService.com has explained what #22ağustos is and how to bypass Turkey's internet ban and censorship.

Sites like ATunnel and Unblocked.org bypass restrictions on website access (for example, URL and IP-based filters) and hide the user's identity; but as BestVPNService.com noted, 'obviously Proxy sites will also be banned'.

BestVPNService.com judged that,

Tor [individual volunteers' computer networking] is no doubt a good resource, but can easily be hijacked, plus can be a pain, when you have high bandwidth needs. I won’t recommend it to you, if you need to make any transaction or transfer any private information, including passwords or high data transfer.

So (albeit unsurprisingly), the VPN review website recommended virtual private networks (VPNs).

I'm getting ready to change my blog (and platform), partly to help me avoid incompetent, indefensible censorship. Even switching platform may not be enough, because Wordpress has also been prohibited in the past. (Global Voices have reviewed the case.) But hopefully, there will be some way to write on and read Wordpress.

Viva DPhil

2011-05-26T13:45:00.011+01:00

Yesterday, I spent a lovely day in Brighton - I had (and bizarrely enjoyed) my DPhil viva, then went to the pub and caught up with friends I don't see nearly often enough. Tomorrow, I'll be back in Kayseri, teaching English.

I began this as a doctoral research blog, and had already been considering changing it (or starting a new one) after my PhD; but ~~now~~ Turkey's banned Blogger [for a while], ~~it's~~ [and that] made my decision for me.

So, at some point in the near future (sooner and more cack-handedly than I'd expected), I'm going to start a new, neater, more general, more informally-written blog on a different platform. I'll find a way to get a post and link on here.

At some point, I have to sort out the paper and electronic copies of my thesis, but here's the abstract for Interrogating Archaeological Ethics in Conflict Zones: Cultural Heritage Work in Cyprus:

Much affected by viewing the Yugoslav Wars' ruins, I resolved to study archaeology in conflict. I wanted to explore archaeology's role in conflict and archaeologists' responsibilities in conflict zones; but unable to conduct such work in Kosova/Kosovo, I went to Cyprus.

Drawing together professional documentation and public education, professional and community interactions and interviews, and cultural heritage site visits, I researched the destruction of community places, the looting of cultural heritage, and the coping strategies of archaeologists.

The key questions of this thesis are:
is it legal and ethical to conduct archaeological work in occupied and secessionist territories?
How is public knowledge of cultural heritage looting and destruction constructed?
What are cultural heritage professionals' responsibilities for knowledge production during conflict? How ought cultural heritage professionals to combat the looting and illicit trading of antiquities?
I have addressed these questions by concentrating upon cultural heritage workers' narratives of looting and destruction from 1955 until the present in professional discussion and mass education.

First, I argue that archaeologists have misinterpreted international law, and through boycotting and blacklisting of rescue archaeology in northern Cyprus, harmed both the profession and the cultural heritage.

Second, I argue that cultural heritage workers have been unwillingly co-opted, or actively complicit in the conflict, in the production of nationalist histories, and thus nationalist communities, therefore in the reproduction of nationalist conflict.

Third, I argue that cultural heritage workers have knowingly contributed to the conflict and its destruction, through their nationalist policies on the paramilitary-dominated illicit antiquities trade.

My conclusions are: that an ethical antiquities policy would cut funding to and thereby reduce conflict-fuelling extremist activity; and that, where they have the freedom to practice it, professional and ethical archaeologies of destruction would promote intracommunal and intercommunal peace.

Translation? Arabic graffiti in Palea Enklistra, Cyprus

2011-05-24T12:00:00.006+01:00

As well as possibly political graffiti, I have some probably religious, Arabic graffiti on Christian buildings - the cave chapel of Palea Enklistra - in Cyprus. Can anyone suggest a translation?

Hopefully Gavin will understand this better than my worryingly poor face-to-face explanation of my interest in graffiti on cultural heritage sites.

Apparently, in the 1960s, Turkish Cypriot shepherds defaced every single figure in the wall paintings of the chapel of Palea Enklistra. But I'm more intrigued by acts of disfigurement that were not vandalism - by ones that were 'devotional act[s]' (Plesch, 2005: 185).

For instance, before the iconoclastic vandalism of the paintings, some visitors to Palea Enklistra had inscribed carvings of the Star of David, ships, a fish and a camel(?), and drawings of horses with riders – perhaps of the mounted Saint George depicted in the chapel (see fig. 1). They were prayers made physical, eternal.

Figure 1: devotional acts of disfigurement, Palea Enklistra
Some of these may have been Greek Cypriot Orthodox graffiti; but some were Arabic inscriptions (see fig. 2), and some included Arabic inscriptions (or had Arabic inscriptions added to them), like the one inside the Star of David in the top left corner of figure 1 (see fig. 3).

[21st June 2011 update; 23rd June 2011 correction]

Over on Cyprus Forum, Denizaksulu ~~has~~ [and Emma Ruby have] identified the inscription inside the Star of David as the graffiti artist's name, ~~Muhammed~~ ['Muhsin'] (though the surname is unreadable).

[Original post continued...]

Figure 2: Arabic inscription on Ayios Ermolaos (Saint Ermolaos), Palea Enklistra chapel

Figure 3: Arabic inscription in a Star of David in the hands of a saint (Ayios Admidios/Damiaios - Saint Adam/Damian?), Palea Enklistra
If you're still here, do you have any idea what this graffito means (see fig. 4); or even which language it is in?

It's in Limassol, and it was written on a wall of the Hellas Guest House (by one of its residents?); but unfortunately I don't know anything about these scripts. As far as I know, it could be anything from Arabic to Urdu.

[21st June 2011 update]

Denizaksulu was also able to translate this graffiti: it's 'the word for God/Allah and then Palestine'.

[Original post continued...]

Figure 4: Arabic graffito on the Hellas Guest House, Limassol
Sources

Plesch, V. 2005: "Body of evidence: Devotional graffiti in a Piedmontese chapel." In Heusser, M, Hannoosh, M, Haskell, E, Hoek, L, Scott, D and de Voogd, P, (Eds.). On verbal / visual representation: Word & image interactions IV, 179-191. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

Information? Political graffiti on Christian buildings, Cyprus

2011-05-24T08:00:00.010+01:00

I have very little internet access in Turkey, and Blogger's (~~currently~~ [no longer]) banned. But I'm in the UK for my viva, so I can post these photos of political(?) graffiti on Christian buildings in Cyprus - and appeal for information!

I've also got some religious(?) Arabic graffiti on Christian buildings.

There is a Greek Cypriot Orthodox church in Lapithos/Lapta (which has been converted into the Lapithos Ballet Section of the Kyrenia Music Education Centre), on which someone has written 'enough [yeter]' and painted an open hand (see fig. 1).

Figure 1: open hand painting and 'yeter' inscription, Lapithos/Lapta
When I first saw this (walking past), I thought it was the Hand of Fatima (also known as the Hand of the Prophet), which would have been a charm to protect the building against envious or hateful people's curses of harm or misfortune.

However, when I looked at it, the writing looked less like Arabic and more like 'DMP [Demokratik Mücadele Partisi/Demokratik Mücadele Platformu (Democratic Struggle Party/Democratic Struggle Platform)]', which was a coalition of opposition against then undemocratic, nationalist rule in northern Cyprus.

Again, when I first saw this, I thought 'enough' was an appeal against desecration of other communities' sacred places.

But 'yeter' could also be a reference to the Cypriot Youth Platform's appeals to the former paramilitary, nationalist president Rauf Denktaş, 'artık yeter! Söz gençliğin istifa et ve önümüzü aç! [Enough is enough! Promise to resign and open us youth's way!]' (Işık, 2003).

There is another painting of an open hand on the perimeter walls of the Greek Cypriot cemetery in Lefkoniko/Geçitkale, with more (to me, unreadable) graffiti (see fig. 2a); and next to it, there is a (clearer, but separately-written and more recent) DMP tag (see fig. 2b).

Figure 2a: open hand painting, Lefkoniko/Geçitkale

Figure 2b: DMP tag next to the open hand painting, Lefkoniko/Geçitkale
If anyone knows what these are, I'd love to hear!

[21st June 2011 update]

Reaasuringly, fellow Cyprus Forum member Denizaksulu has observed that:

The hand could be an emblem of some party, but not so sure. If the fingers were wide spread, it would be an offensive gesture, but these do look like the hand of Fatima.

Sources

Işık, A. 2003: "Artık yeter!" Kıbrıs, 13. Aralık. Şu adreste bulunabilir: http://www.cypriot.org.uk/Documents/Haber/13-Aralik.htm

Thompson, C J S. 2003 [1932]: The Hand of Destiny: The folk-lore and superstitions of everyday life. Kila: Kessinger Publishing.

stupid injunctions: Israeli bloggers to be prosecuted for linking?

2011-04-27T11:30:00.004+01:00

In a potentially worrying development, Israeli bloggers will apparently be prosecuted for linking to foreign websites that contain information suppressed within Israel.

(Some pro-suppression Israeli journalists have even wondered how to 'prevent the Google search engine from violating gag orders'.)

There was an Israeli court order preventing the naming of an alleged rapist; and U.S.-based Richard Silverstein's progressive Zionist blog, Tikun Olam ("Mend the World"), named an Israeli TV reporter [name deleted].

Then Israeli attorney Chaim Ravia stated that it was 'a criminal act to link to any form of media anywhere in the world which breaks the gag'.

For years (and especially now) there have been problems with British libel law, and with some of the legal injunctions against naming people or institutions accused of crimes; and there has been controversy over the legality of download sites like Pirate Bay (which simply host links to data).

On Have I Got News For You (22nd April 2011), Private Eye editor Ian Hislop pointed out that 'one day a proper case will come along where we need to know what's happening and we won't be able to 'cause of these stupid injunctions' against potential libel.

[5.30pm update]

However, it is worth noting a comment on Silverstein's original name-and-shame post. Raphael explained that:

Even is not a defendant, at least not yet. The law allows a gag order on a suspect's name only until such time that he/she is formally charged in court and then the gag must be lifted.

This supposedly balances defendants' right to their reputation in case the charges aren't followed in court, and the public's right to be informed of legal procedures.

So, actually, I don't see the need to break the injunction and name the accused, but uncharged, person. I still think the ban on linking is silly, if nothing else (because the information is just as easily searched).

Leonid Levin observed that, in the Netherlands,

the identity of the accused is normally protected by the media by only reporting the first name and the initial letter of the last name.... Even after the court verdict, the full name is not always revealed.

Britain considered pre-charge anonymity for alleged rapists; but that plan was challenged as misogynistic (as there were no plans for pre-charge anonymity for alleged paedophiles or murderers).

Personally, I think that's more of an argument for consistent pre-charge anonymity for people accused of these kinds of crimes; but then the discussion is no longer about protecting socially and politically important investigations, or free speech, so it's no longer relevant on this blog.

I've deleted the name of the accused from this post. I don't want to be part of any trial-by-media.

fourth not blogging about blogging archaeology

2011-04-23T16:00:00.003+01:00

The fourth question was:

"the act of publication for this blog carnival. How could we best capture the interplay, the multimedia experience of blogging as a more formalized publication? What would be the best outcome for this collection of insights from archaeological bloggers?"

Not having taken part in the carnival, it's not my place to say; but Martin Rundkvist has been considering a free e-book of his blogging, and that (or something of that sort, like papers derived from the carnival participants) sounds appropriate.

I also quite like the idea of a group blog or blog network (with or without its readers' open review); but as I said, it's not my place, I'm not that bothered anyway, and Middle Savagery has rounded up the participants' ideas.

I've enjoyed following it, and it's helped me think about ways to present and provide my work in the future; so thank you, one and all. I might use my blog as a more general site for work, news and links, with papers as documents on Scribd and even as videos on Xtranormal.

But for now, I must read up on Turkish political parties' moustache polemics.

third not blogging about archaeology

2011-04-23T15:00:00.005+01:00

The third question (in Middle Savagery's public forum on blogging archaeology) was:

'.... most archaeological blogs that I read have very little in the way of dialog through comments. Often on this blog, I feel like I am talking to myself, which in a way is catharsis, but if an archaeology blogger writes and no one reacts, are we really changing opinions or moving the field forward?' [Dig Girl]

I would add to this, how do you attract readership? Without too much in the way of SEO chatter, who is your audience and how to you interact with this audience? What do you want out of interactivity by means of blogging about archaeology?

(The lack of) comments and conversation

Electric Archaeologist Shawn Graham produced a really nice Gephi image of the interconnections between carnie bloggers, which showed how ideas flowed through conversations within the archaeological community (or at least down-the-line through "overheard (read)" quotations.

More generally, I'm now envious of Bill Caraher, who does ancient Mediterranean archaeology and gets 70-100 hits a day; and Johan Normark, who gets 250-350 hits and 'one or two' comments a day on his blog on neorealistic archaeology.

I thought that between people interested in modern Mediterranean archaeology, crime and violence, and the affected communities, my blog would have a wide audience, but I only get about 25-30 hits a day; and I've only had about a hundred comments in the five-and-a-half years I've been blogging Cultural Heritage in Conflict (about 1.5 a month).

As Matthew Law and Alun Salt observed, people tend to comment on Twitter and Facebook rather than on blogs; and as always, Alun explains why really well. I reckon Mick Morrison's comment on Alun's post is right too, and my blog posts are discouragingly long.

Still, Saving Antiquities For Everyone (SAFE) lists my work as a resource on the looting crisis and the antiquities trade; and I know at least one university has used my blog in its cultural management courses.

Aside from blogrolls and other such generic nods, I've met people I respected and found out that they read my blog. Once, I approached someone and asked them something about a cultural heritage site and they replied, "are you Sam Hardy?"

So people are reading and using my blog; and as one of Alun's links shows, maybe I shouldn't be so worried about online participation. But still, how do - and how should - I sell myself?

Blog-whoring

Unlike John Lowe (and I guess a lot of others), I don't post links on my Facebook (though they are available on Facebook through the NetworkedBlogs app; and I Twitter on about my posts). I just think my work (at least my work-in-progress) is of too niche interest.

I don't think that many of my random friends would be interested in Cypriot conflict archaeology, that many of my Eastern Mediterranean friends would be interested in studies of antiquities catalogues, or that many of my archaeologist friends would be interested in Cypriot paramilitary graffiti; so this way I avoid the awkward silences.

Unlike Terry Brock, I get so little traffic from Twitter and Facebook that I can't generate conversation or feedback. (Still, maybe I should set up a Facebook page.)

I tried to engage with people on Topix; but spontaneous, civilised discourse was meaninglessly short-lived. Nationalists soured the air with keyboard-punched (spelling-corrected) threats like 'don't go near a flagpole, for you it would definitely be dangerous'. (tl;dr fn1)

Still, I've had more success, and more fun, talking with local, refugee and emigrant Cypriots in the Cyprus Forum about Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot religious heritage, burned villages and the illicit antiquities trade. Even at the best of times, it had its brain-hurtingly bad moments; but it did reassure me that online outreach could be very effective.

Maybe I'll mothball this once my thesis is online and start a new, more accessible and engaging blog.

Footnotes

fn1: that was a charming reference to a Greek Cypriot, Solomos Solomou, murdered on the orders of the Turkish deep state.

Solomou died protesting against the death of his cousin, Tassos Isaac, who was beaten to death by the remorseless leader of the (Turkish) Grey Wolves (which are a Turkish Deep State paramilitary (PDF)), (Turkish Cypriot) police officers and retired Secret Service officers, and others.

Greek Cypriot Police identified Solomou's killers as remorseless Turkish Cypriot government minister Kenan Akın and security forces chief Erdal Haciali Emanet (and their accomplices as members of the Turkish occupation forces, and the Turkish Cypriot police).

Akın confessed to the shooting, and was later arrested in Turkey for smuggling; but he was released despite the Interpol arrest warrant for murder.

Sabah named one of the suspects in the Solomou murder, (the Turkish occupying forces' commander) Hasan Kundakçı, as an Ergenekonist (ultranationalist coupist). (The article's still available elsewhere: "the Ergenekonists' 'PhD' place, Cyprus [Ergenekoncuların 'doktora' yeri Kıbrıs]".)

And, discussing the Turkish deep state murder of Turkish Cypriot journalist Kutlu Adalı, former Famagusta police chief Tema Irkad stated that 'Kundakci gave the command [to kill Solomou] personally, "Take him down", he said, and the police chief Erdal Emanet pulled the trigger'.

second not blogging about blogging archaeology

2011-04-15T14:00:00.122+01:00

Brenna, I warn you now, tl;dr - tlll;drrr...

The end of the second question/paragraph (in Middle Savagery's public forum/carnival for blogging archaeology) was:

.... Blogging archaeology is often fraught with tensions that are sometimes not immediately apparent. Beyond the general problems that come with performing as a public intellectual, what risks do archaeologists take when they make themselves available to the public via blogging?

What (if any) are the unexpected consequences of blogging? How do you choose what to share?

My name is associated with the blog (even if I normally use my online name - samarkeolog - to reduce Google pollution), and my research is presented through it (which is a statement of the obvious, but worth making when "conclusion blogging" is mixed with "work-in-progress blogging").

So I suppose I am at fairly well-placed to answer this.

Making myself available to the public

Understandably enough, I've had readers ask for both more and less blogging about life on fieldwork, and the process of gathering information. However, I don't really make myself available to the public in that way. I don't blog personal conversations, or irrelevant personal experiences.

I don't blog (or otherwise use) relevant professional conversations with friends. Partly, I don't want to blur the lines between being a friend and being a researcher; and partly, I don't want others to confuse my friends with my sources. (Indeed, I don't want my friends to mistake themselves for my sources.)

I might blog (or otherwise use) a professional conversation with a colleague, or with a friend-who-is-a-pro (if it was clearly an on-duty discussion); but then (like always), I would anonymise my sources. So, I risk my reputation, but not my friends' or colleagues'.

Exposing myself in public

Humiliation

I dread seeing the Sitemeter hits for this post. Again, I agree with Dig Girl: as I said in answer to the first question (about the benefits of blogging), I've been corrected - and it was painful when my most serious errors were corrected in humiliating fashion, but taking the pain preserved or even earned the (moderate) community's trust.

(Similarly, like Shawn Graham, I've used my blog to chronicle failure.)

The next two examples are connected with the general problems of being a 'public intellectual' but, in both examples, blogging made me a target; and in the second example, blogging was my only practical (though ineffectual) way of defending myself.

In the last bit, I - almost meaninglessly briefly - note one of my blogging's consequences for my work, then pussyfoot around the issue of self-censorship.

Fieldwork

When I was visiting negative cultural heritage sites - places associated with traumatic histories - in south-eastern Turkey, I was spotted and picked up off the street by an illegal (supposedly counter-terrorism) intelligence unit. As far as I can tell, they knew who I was from my blogging (fn1).

They repeatedly detained me, searched me, my bags, hotel room and computer, and questioned me (tl;dr); destroyed my research permit (which was issued after they'd begun harassing me); then told me to get out. (And I did. I recently had an opportunity to teach English around there, but didn't even take that.)

(Johan Normark and Stuart Robbins have faced another online community's wrath.)

Academia

Last year, I presented a conference paper on archaeology in conflict, and antiquities rescue. A professional troublemaker, who I think knew about me from my blogging, slandered me; then one of his friends libelled me in newspapers from Britain to Turkey and started a(n unsuccessful) campaign against me; and all I could do was put up corrective blog posts.

Work; and self-censorship

It's a far longer story, which for immediately obvious reasons I cannot discuss here, but an academic cited something I'd said on my blog as the first reason they couldn't be the local contact for an international postdoctoral research funding application.

That was doubly negative, because not only was I unable to apply for that research funding, but also I was unable to publicly discuss (blog about) my inability to make the application (in any more detail than this uselessly generic statement).

(Also, Michael Smith observed that blogging could get archaeologists into trouble directly with 'agencies and governments that are responsible for funding and overseeing archaeological research'.)

Everybody self-censors to some extent for certain reasons and, as Terry Brock and Michigan State University archaeologists noted, for all archaeologists, those reasons should include avoiding making looting easier, and avoiding unnecessary offence to affected communities (though someone will always take offence at something).

I agree with Mick Morrison and Terry Brock that blogging should be 'professional', and with much of what the MSU archaeologists say.

I especially support Katy Meyers' demand for blogging 'that is both understandable and shows the construction of our arguments'; and I share Dig Girl's hope for blogging that 'promotes public outreach and transparency'.

I also support the first nine of Kristin Sewell's 'ten rules to blog by'. However, Sewell's tenth rule was,

Protect your future - Don't give future employers a reason to eliminate you from the hiring pool and don't give colleagues a reason to suspect lapses in your otherwise sound judgment'.

Others (there and elsewhere) gave similar advice, like Brock, who also self-censors to avoid potential employers 'find[ing] a reason to not hire [him]', or 'unsavory types' finding a reason to waste his time.

I don't want any of the people I've just quoted to sound bad. As I say, everyone self-censors to some extent. (I like to tell myself that my self-censorship enables me to gather information, and to be in a position to use it to benefit the affected communities in the future.)

I'm not even sure if I disagree with them at all - and if I do, it's only a matter of how much self-censorship is tolerable. Still, self-censorship does worry me.

I guess if an individual or an institution would've denied me a job for a politely-expressed, professionally-written blog post, I wouldn't've wanted to get the job, in which I would've had to continue to censor myself, and to endure working in such an intellectually-oppressive environment.

Then again, I've never actually lost a job for academic indiscretion - "only" the chance to apply for one - so maybe I would feel differently if, like Matthew Law, I or someone I knew had been dismissed.

fn1: My best guess is that they knew who I was (or at least cared who I was) because of my blog. I hadn't presented any papers on my research - indeed, while I'd visited northern Cyprus, I hadn't even started my research there; and I was living in Turkey as a language student.

I had bumped into (other, "normal") secret police elsewhere. However, I had blogged about the discovery of an Armenian Genocide mass grave, and the closing down of the Kurdish newspaper that reported it; I'd photoblogged my visits to "warred villages" of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict...

first not blogging about blogging archaeology

2011-04-01T13:00:00.006+01:00

@alun may not quite have kept up, and @brennawalks may have skipped week 3; but I've missed the whole event.

Ahead of a session on Blogging Archaeology at the 2011 Society for American Archaeology Meeting, Middle Savagery ran a four-week blog carnival.

Like Brenna, I fear 'being so meta- that I entirely cease to exist'; but anyway... I thought I'd give a nod to the carnival, and take the prompt to answer the questions.

The first question was:

The emergence of the short form, or blog entry, is becoming a popular way to transmit a wide range of archaeological knowledge. What is the place of this conversation within academic, professional, and public discourse? Simply put, what can the short form do for archaeology?

Style

I agree with Brenna's "meta" post; though my blog tends to concentrate on stuff I could - and should (also) - share in another (more academic) format. (fn1) I also agree with Dig Girl.

Unfortunately (a word I fear would be very large in any word cloud of this blog), because of the stuff I write about and the people who read it, I cannot normally write in a conversational style.

That does frustrate me, because no-one benefits from this (particular) restriction on my writing. I object to having to think and write defensively, but accept that some of it serves a purpose, and some of it comes with the territory.

Yet some of the minutiae-spotted, digression-riddled blogging is unreadable for professionals, let alone for the public (and I want to blog primarily to interact with the affected communities).

Even saying that someone 'must have meant' one thing rather than another (when one thing would have been a relevant truth and the other a nonsensical typo) has earned me the attention of nationalists eager to discredit me and my work.

Content

My work is not very archaeological, so I'm not sure I'm best placed to say what blogging can do for "proper" archaeology.

Still, perhaps most importantly of all, I have been corrected - in a way that I can acknowledge and discuss in public - before false information entered any "permanent" record. (I do hope this post doesn't end up peppered with speech marks.)

I have also been given information by professionals and members of the public (including long-lost relatives who have bumped into each other in the comments).

I have even built working relationships with nationalists who had disagreed with my work and tried to disrupt others doing similar work (or work in similar ways), but who nonetheless recognised that I was committed to truth and justice, and trusted me with sensitive information.

Notably, all of those things have depended upon public access to "unpublished" material (material not published in a scholarly manner).

fn1: I do have one eternally forthcoming publication (out of my hands), another I will soon be ready to submit for publication, and odds and ends I will soon be trying to stitch together to create the vague impression of an article. Apart from those, my thesis will eventually be dumped online.

Kayseri'ye gidiyorum (I'm going to Kayseri)!

2011-03-31T16:30:00.000+01:00

Finally, I've got a proper, full-time job. I'm going to be teaching English in Kayseri, a very modern city in central Anatolia, Turkey. It's near magnificent Mount Erciyes, from the peak of which you can see both the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.

Sto a Roma?

2011-03-23T14:35:00.000Z

Okay, things have returned to their reassuring Italianness; so I may not be staying in Rome after all. I hope I will, and I'm still looking for teaching and proofreading work (and archaeological or cultural heritage work, though I'm not optimistic about that); but we'll see...

Sto a Roma (I'm staying in Rome)

2011-03-22T03:45:00.002Z

Finally, I've found a job - teaching English in Rome.

It also means it will be a lot easier for me to get to the annual conference of Association for Research into Crimes against Art (ARCA), which I'm already looking forward to.

non parlo italiano, ma tuttavia vado in Italia!

2011-03-06T08:00:00.001Z

(I don't speak Italian, but I'm going to Italy anyway!(?))

Little by little, I've been translating a conference paper on Cypriot antiquities rescue into Greek; hopefully, I'll post it soon.

However, it has taken a while - and it may take a while longer yet - because I'm moving to Italy. I'm bored of life on the dole, and exasperated by my visits to the dole office, so I'm going to try and make ends meet teaching and proofreading English.

I'm still going to be applying (anywhere and everywhere) for postdocs/jobs too, and working on my existing research material; but (again, hopefully) I'll be spending a lot of time teaching English and learning Italian.

Cypriot antiquities in Belgium, public and private collections

2011-02-06T13:35:00.002Z

In 1990, Robert Laffineur and Frieda Vandenabeele published the public and (publicly-known) private collections of Cypriote Antiquities in Belgium.

There isn't much information on looted antiquities' source communities; but there is a load of information on individuals' and institutions' collecting practices.

Laffineur and Vandenabeele had catalogued 820 artefacts in seven public collections and nine private collections.

Excluding the 31 artefacts made in Cyprus but found outside (now held in Belgian public collections), I was still able to review 427 Cypriot antiquities in Belgian public collections, and 362 Cypriot antiquities in Belgian private collections; so I have confidence in my findings.

Ottoman antiquities law

Many of the artefacts in Belgian collections were acquired while Cyprus was under Ottoman law (with specific antiquities laws from 1869); but most of the time, the information did not show when the artefacts had left Cyprus (only when they had arrived in Belgium), so it was impossible to disprove the legality of their export.

Stil, for example, we know that the Museum Vleeshuis acquired some Cypriot antiquities in Egypt in 1879. As Eric Gubel (1990: 14) noted, the artefacts were in Egypt because of 'patterns of modern rather than ancient trade'; in other words, they had been recently exported to and sold in Egypt.

Under the Ottoman Empire's 1869 Regulation on Antique Objects, artefacts could only be excavated with a licence (firman), and even then could not be exported from the Ottoman Empire (Stanley-Price, 2001: 267; 273).

Under the Ottomans' 1874 Regulation on Antiquities, artefacts could be excavated and exported with a licence (Stanley-Price, 2001: 268); but none of the artefacts bought from the art market seem to have had Ottoman imperial, British colonial, or independent Cypriot licences.

(The British Empire ignored the inconvenient 1884 Ottoman antiquities law; so the 1874 law continued by default - and continued to be ignored - until the first British colonial antiquities law in 1905.)

So, since the Cypriot antiquities in the Museum Vleeshuis do not appear to have Ottoman excavation or export licences, we can assume that they were probably looted and illicitly exported.

Precautions

Seemingly affirming Gubel's judgement, many of the other artefacts' "provenances" appear to be the antiquities dealers' home towns, rather than the artefacts' find-spots.

So, while I am confident that the Severis Collections' antiquities (II.H) come from Cyprus, I am not confident that they were found in the places they were bought; thus, I will not use that potential information.

Another problem with the information about the Severis Collections is the inability to know which antiquities were collected by Demosthenis Severis between 1920 and 1954 (and then inherited by Nicolas Severis or Leto Severis and preserved in his collection).

Therefore, it is impossible to know which of the antiquities coded "NS" were collected by Demosthenis Severis between 1920 and 1954 and which were collected by Nicolas Severis between 1968 and 1979.

Still, Nicolas Severis inherited just 'some' artefacts from Demosthenis Severis (seemingly a mere fraction of the 'hundred' his mother had inherited); he bought '[o]nly a few pieces' in London, and the 'majority' in Cyprus (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 55), during and after the conflict.

To be careful, then, I will assume that Nicolas inherited all 100 pre-conflict antiquities from Demosthenis through Leto. So I will assume that only the other 58 were collected by Nicolas during the conflict.

It is also impossible to know which of the antiquities coded "NS" (presumably, collected by Nicolas Severis, or inherited by him from Demosthenis Severis), "LS N" (given by Leto Severis to Nicolas Severis), and "LS (inherited by Nicolas Severis from Leto Severis)" were collected by Demosthenis Severis.

However, Leto Severis 'mainly' collected antiquities looted between 1963 and 1974 (Karageorghis, 1999: 17); so I will presume hers were from the intercommunal conflict.

Numbers

I excluded 31 of the public collections' 458 catalogued artefacts because they came from outside Cyprus. Of the other 427, 62 (14.52%) had been excavated, surveyed, or otherwise ethically recovered.

The remaining 365 (85.48%) had probably been looted:

167 had no information whatsoever, so they had probably been looted before the conflict;
163 had an acquisition date from before the conflict, but no find-spot;
11 had no acquisition date, so they had probably been looted before the conflict, but they had find-spots,
- 4 from ancient Amathus (near modern Greek Cypriot Agios Tychon),
- 1 from Greek Cypriot Karavas,
- 2 from Greek Cypriot Agios Epiktitos Vrysi,
- 2 from Greek Cypriot Miliou Agioi Anargyroi,
- 1 from Greek Cypriot Kissonerga, and
- 1 from Greek Cypriot Chlorakas;
3 had no find-spots, but did have mid-conflict acquisition dates, so were probably conflict antiquities; and
1 had no find-spot, but did have a post-conflict acquisition date.

So, 361 (98.90%) were pre-conflict antiquities; and of the 11 with find-spots, all of them were probably looted by Greek Cypriots (though that's too small a sample to tell us anything about communities' involvement in looting). 3 (0.82%) were probably conflict antiquities; and 1 (0.27%) was probably looted post-conflict.

All of the nine private collections' 362 catalogued artefacts had probably been looted:

87 had no acquisition date or find-spot, so had probably been looted before the conflict;
6 had no information other than that they were from one of the Severis Collections, so I will presume they had probably been looted before conflict;
158 had no information other than that they were from the Nicolas Severis Collection; so on the precautionary principle I will assume,
- that 100 were probably looted before the conflict, collected by Demosthenis, and inherited by Nicolas; and
- that 58 were conflict antiquities collected by Nicolas;
103 had no information other than that they were from the Leto Severis Collection; so they had probably been looted during the conflict; and
8 had no information other than that they were collected by Leto and inherited by Nicolas; so they had probably been looted during the conflict too.

So, up to 193 (53.31%) had probably been looted before the conflict; yet at least 169 (46.69%) of Belgian private collections' artefacts were probably conflict antiquities, looted during the intercommunal conflict.

To be fair, though, 275 (75.97%) of the antiquities in private collections in Belgium were in Greek Cypriot private collections.

They were the probably looted, but legally exported antiquities from the Nicolas Severis Collection (cf. Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 55). They made up the majority of the pre-conflict antiquities, and all of the conflict antiquities.

Conclusions

Despite most of the Belgian public collections' artefacts probably having been looted, it is some comfort that so few have been acquired since the start of the Cyprus Conflict.

It should also be noted that Belgian private collectors do not appear to have had a significant role in underwriting looting of Cypriot antiquities in the colonial era; or any role at all in the funding of the illicit trade in Cypriot antiquities during the Cyprus Conflict.

The information from these collections again undermines the logic of Cypriot government archaeologists' secret agreement with private collectors during the intercommunal conflict.

Greek Cypriot collectors were allowed to buy looted antiquities during the intercommunal conflict in order that they 'not be exported abroad' (Karageorghis, 1999: 17); but all of the Cypriot conflict antiquities in Belgium were Greek Cypriot-collected and Greek Cypriot-exported.

Bibliography

Destrooper-Georgiades, A. 1990a: "I. C. Brussels. Royal Library of Belgium, Department of Coins and Medals". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 15-20. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Destrooper-Georgiades, A. 1990b: "II. A. Brussels. Marc Bar Collection". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 48. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Destrooper-Georgiades, A. 1990c: "II. B. Brussels". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 49. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Destrooper-Georgiades, A. 1990d: "II. C. Brussels". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 50. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Destrooper-Georgiades, A. 1990e: "II. D. Charleroi. Jacques Eloy Collection". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 51. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Destrooper-Georgiades, A. 1990f: "II. F. Liège". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 53. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Destrooper-Georgiades, A. 1990g: "II. G. Liège". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 54. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Destrooper-Georgiades, A. 1990h: "II. I. Waterloo. H. Pottier Collection". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 75-76. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Donnay, G and Derriks, C. 1990: "I. G. Morlanwelz. Royal Museum of Mariemont". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 47. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Gubel, E. 1990: "I. B. Antwerp. Museum Vleeshuis". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 14. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Karageorghis, V. 1999: Ancient Cypriote art in the Severis Collection. Athens: Costakis and Leto Severis Foundation.

Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). 1990: Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Margos, R, Olivier, J-P and Skinkel-Taupin, C. 1990: "I. D. Brussels. Royal Museums of Art and History, Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 24-41. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Meekers-Ayat, M. 1990b: "I. D. Brussels. Royal Museums of Art and History, Department of Near Eastern Antiquities". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 42-43. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Meekers-Ayat. 1990a: "I. D. Brussels. Royal Museums of Art and History, Department of Egyptian Antiquities". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 21-23. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Stanley-Price, N. 2001: "The Ottoman Law on Antiquities (1874) and the founding of the Cyprus Museum". In Tatton-Brown, V A, (Ed.). Cyprus in the Nineteenth Century AD: Fact, fancy and fiction – papers of the 22nd British Museum Classical Colloquium, December 1998, 267-275. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Tytgat, C. 1990: "I. E. Leuven. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Museum of the Faculty of the Humanities". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 44-45. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Vandenabeele, F, De Crée, F, Donnay, G, Gubel, E and Noppe, C. 1990: "II. H. Morlanwelz. Royal Museum of Mariemont, Nicolas Severis Collection". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 55-74. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Vandenabeele, F. 1990: "I. A. Antwerp. Museum Mayer van den Bergh". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 13. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Verbanck, A. 1990: "II. E. La Louvière". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 52. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Verlinden, C. 1990: "I. F. Louvain-la-Neuve. Museum of the Institute of Archaeology and Art History of the Catholic University of Louvain". In Laffineur, R and Vandenabeele, F, (Eds.). Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 13: Cypriote antiquities in Belgium, 46. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Data

Public collections:

I.A.1-I.A.5: ‘The Cypriote antiquities were acquired by Ridder Fritz Mayer van den Bergh in 1898 as part of the Carlo Micheli collection, Paris’ (Vandenabeele, 1990: 13).

I.B.1-I.B.4: ‘a common origin, more precisely Alexandria (Egypt), may safely be accepted on the basis of the Museums inventory cards. As indicated by the lot’s chronological disparity, however, the ceramics’ origin is more likely to be due to patterns of modern rather than ancient trade.... The collection was acquired in 1879’ (Gubel, 1990: 14).

I.C.I.1-I.C.I.20: ‘purchased.... donated to the Royal Library in 1899’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990a: 15).

I.C.II.1-I.C.II.131: ‘purchased on various occasions during the nineteenth en [sic] twentieth century’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990a: 16); all 100 dated purchases (of total 131) between 1899 and 1909.

I.D.I.1-I.D.I.24 excluded as Egyptian Cypriot artefacts in Department of Egyptian Antiquities (Meekers-Ayat, 1990a: 21-23).

I.D.II.1: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 25)
I.D.II.2: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990:6)
I.D.II.3: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)
I.D.II.4: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)
I.D.II.5: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)
I.D.II.6: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)
I.D.II.7: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)
I.D.II.8: ‘Prov.: Amathus’, n.d., but by bib., by 1981 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)
I.D.II.9: ‘Prov.: Amathus’, n.d., but by bib., by 1981 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)
I.D.II.10: n.d., but by bib., by 1913; no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)
I.D.II.11: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)
I.D.II.12: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)
I.D.II.13: ‘Prov.: Amathus’, n.d., but by bib., by 1913 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)
I.D.II.14: n.d., but by bib., by 1913; no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)
I.D.II.15: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)
I.D.II.16: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 26)
I.D.II.17: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)
I.D.II.18: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)
I.D.II.19: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)
I.D.II.20: n.d., but by bib., by 1913; no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)
I.D.II.21: Prov.: Amathus’, n.d., but by bib., by 1913 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)
I.D.II.22: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)
I.D.II.23: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)
I.D.II.24: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)
I.D.II.25: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)
I.D.II.26: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)
I.D.II.27: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)
I.D.II.28: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)
I.D.II.29: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)
I.D.II.30: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)
I.D.II.31: n.d., but by bib., by 1913; no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)
I.D.II.32: n.d., no info n.d. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 27)
I.D.II.33: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)
I.D.II.34: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)
I.D.II.35: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)
I.D.II.36: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)
I.D.II.37: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)
I.D.II.38: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)
I.D.II.39: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)
I.D.II.40: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)
I.D.II.41: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)
I.D.II.42: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)
I.D.II.43: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)
I.D.II.44: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)
I.D.II.45: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)
I.D.II.46: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)
I.D.II.47: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 28)
I.D.II.48: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)
I.D.II.49: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)
I.D.II.50: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)
I.D.II.51: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)
I.D.II.52: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)
I.D.II.53: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)
I.D.II.54: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)
I.D.II.55: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)
I.D.II.56: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)
I.D.II.57: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)
I.D.II.58: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)
I.D.II.59: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)
I.D.II.60: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 29)
I.D.II.61: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)
I.D.II.62: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1976 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)
I.D.II.63: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)
I.D.II.64: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)
I.D.II.65: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)
I.D.II.66: ‘Prov. (according to Jean de Mot): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)
I.D.II.67: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)
I.D.II.68: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)
I.D.II.69: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)
I.D.II.70: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)
I.D.II.71: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)
I.D.II.72: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)
I.D.II.73: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 30)
I.D.II.74: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)
I.D.II.75: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)
I.D.II.76: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)
I.D.II.77: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)
I.D.II.78: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)
I.D.II.79: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)
I.D.II.80: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)
I.D.II.81: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)
I.D.II.82: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)
I.D.II.83: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 31)
I.D.II.84: ‘Prov. (according to Triantaphyllos): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)
I.D.II.85: exc. (Margos,Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)
I.D.II.86: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)
I.D.II.87: ‘Prov. (according to Jean de Mot): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)
I.D.II.88: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)
I.D.II.89: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)
I.D.II.90: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)
I.D.II.91: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)
I.D.II.92: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)
I.D.II.93: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)
I.D.II.94: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)
I.D.II.95: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)
I.D.II.96: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 32)
I.D.II.97: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)
I.D.II.98: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)
I.D.II.99: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)
I.D.II.100: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)
I.D.II.101: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)
I.D.II.102: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)
I.D.II.103: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)
I.D.II.104: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)
I.D.II.105: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)
I.D.II.106: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)
I.D.II.107: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)
I.D.II.108: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)
I.D.II.109: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)
I.D.II.110: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)
I.D.II.111: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 33)
I.D.II.112: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)
I.D.II.113: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1922 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)
I.D.II.114: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)
I.D.II.115: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)
I.D.II.116: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)
I.D.II.117: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)
I.D.II.118: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)
I.D.II.119: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)
I.D.II.120: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)
I.D.II.121: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)
I.D.II.122: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1926 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)
I.D.II.123: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)
I.D.II.124: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1949 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)
I.D.II.125: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)
I.D.II.126: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1990 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 34)
I.D.II.127: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)
I.D.II.128: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)
I.D.II.129: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)
I.D.II.130: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)
I.D.II.131: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)
I.D.II.132: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)
I.D.II.133: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)
I.D.II.134: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1976 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)
I.D.II.135: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1985 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 35)
I.D.II.136: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)
I.D.II.137: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1985 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)
I.D.II.138: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)
I.D.II.139: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)
I.D.II.140: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)
I.D.II.141: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)
I.D.II.142: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)
I.D.II.143: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)
I.D.II.144: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)
I.D.II.145: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)
I.D.II.146: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)
I.D.II.147: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)
I.D.II.148: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)
I.D.II.149: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 36)
I.D.II.150: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)
I.D.II.151: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)
I.D.II.152: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)
I.D.II.153: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)
I.D.II.154: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)
I.D.II.155: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)
I.D.II.156: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)
I.D.II.157: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)
I.D.II.158: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)
I.D.II.159: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)
I.D.II.160: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)
I.D.II.161: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)
I.D.II.162: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)
I.D.II.163: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)
I.D.II.164: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 37)
I.D.II.165: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)
I.D.II.166: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)
I.D.II.167: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)
I.D.II.168: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)
I.D.II.169: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)
I.D.II.170: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)
I.D.II.171: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)
I.D.II.172: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)
I.D.II.173: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)
I.D.II.174: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)
I.D.II.175: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)
I.D.II.176: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)
I.D.II.177: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)
I.D.II.178: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)
I.D.II.179: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)
I.D.II.180: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 38)
I.D.II.181: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)
I.D.II.182: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)
I.D.II.183: ‘Prov. (according to Ravestein): Cyprus’, n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1884 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)
I.D.II.184: n.d., no info (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)
I.D.II.185: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)
I.D.II.186: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)
I.D.II.187: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1982 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)
I.D.II.188: n.d., no info, but by bib., by ???? (les Inscriptions Chypriotes Syllabiques (ICS)) (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)
I.D.II.189: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1990 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)
I.D.II.190: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1990 (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)
I.D.II.191: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 39)
I.D.II.192: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 40)
I.D.II.193: exc. (Margos, Olivier and Skinkel-Taupin, 1990: 40)

I.D.III.1: ‘Prov.: Cyprus, Karavas’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 42)
I.D.III.2: ‘Prov.: Cyprus, Ayios Epiktitot Vrysi’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 42)
I.D.III.3: ‘Prov.: Cyprus, Ayios Epiktitot Vrysi’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 42)
I.D.III.4: ‘Prov.: Cyprus, Miliou Ayii Anargyrii’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 42)
I.D.III.5: ‘Prov.: Cyprus, Miliou Ayii Anargyrii’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 42)
I.D.III.6: ‘Prov.: Cyprus, Kissonerga (Probably Mosphilia)’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 42)
I.D.III.7: ‘Prov.: Cyprus, Chloraka’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 42a)
I.D.III.8: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 42).
I.D.III.9: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43).
I.D.III.10: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43).
I.D.III.11: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43).
I.D.III.12: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43).
I.D.III.13: foreign exc. (Meeker-Ayat, 1990b: 42)
I.D.III.14: foreign exc. (Meeker,-Ayat, 1990b: 43)
I.D.III.15: foreign exc. (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43)
I.D.III.16: foreign exc. (Prov.: Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43)
I.D.III.17: foreign exc. (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43)
I.D.III.18: foreign exc. (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43)
I.D.III.19: foreign exc. (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43)
I.D.III.20: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43)
I.D.III.21: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43)
I.D.III.22: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43)
I.D.III.23: ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Meekers-Ayat, 1990b: 43)

I.E.1-I.E.11: n.d., no info, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Tytgat, 1990: 44).
I.E.12-I.E.24: n.d., no info, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Tytgat, 1990: 45).

I.F.1-I.F.4: n.d., no info, (explicitly) unknown origin, ‘acquired and given to the museum by F. Mayence’ (Verlinden, 1990: 46)
I.F.5: n.d., no info, foreign, ‘bought in Cairo in 1906’ (Verlinden, 1990: 46)
I.F.6: n.d., no info, (explicitly) unknown origin, ‘acquired and given to the museum by F. Mayence’ (Verlinden, 1990: 46)
I.F.7: n.d., no info, ‘acquired in Brussels when the collection of the Dukes of Arenberg was sold.... previously belonged to the Pierides collection’ (Verlinden, 1990: 46)

I.G.1: 1965, ‘purchase’ from French private collector (Donnay, 1990: 47)
I.G.2: 1965, ‘purchase’ from French private collector (Donnay, 1990: 47)
I.G.3:1959, ‘purchase’ from Belgian private collector (Donnay, 1990: 47)
I.G.4: 1955, ‘purchased’ from Belgian private collector (Donnay, 1990: 47)
I.G.5: 1965, ‘purchase’ from French private collector (Donnay, 1990: 47)
I.G.6: 1955, ‘purchased’ from Belgian private collector, ‘Prov. (according to Brassine): Crete?’ (Donnay, 1990: 47)
I.G.7: 1986, ‘purchase’ from French private collector (Donnay, 1990: 47).

Private collections:

II.A.1.-II.A.2: n.d., no info, ‘The coins were acquired in commerce’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990b: 48).

II.B.1: n.d., no info, but by bib., by 1988, ‘Acquired in commerce’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990c: 49).

II.C.1-II.C.6: n.d., no info, ‘Coins acquired in commerce’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990d: 50).

II.D.1-II.D.11: n.d., no info, ‘The coins were acquired in commerce’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990e: 51).

II.E.1: n.d, no info, ‘Prov.: Egypt’ (Verbanck, 1990: 52).
II.E.2-II.E.4: n.d., no info, ‘The Cypriote antiquities were acquired in the antiques trade’ (Verbanck, 1990: 52).

II.F.1-II.F.2: n.d., no info, ‘The coins were acquired in commerce’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990f: 53).

II.G.1-II.G.6: n.d., no info, ‘Coins acquired in commerce’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990g: 54).
II.G.7+-II.G.9+: n.d., no info, ‘Coins acquired in commerce’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990g: 54), ‘7+, 8+ and 9+: exact number of coins unknown’ (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990g: 54n1).

II.H.1: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 1’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 55).
II.H.2: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 2’, ‘Prov.: Athienou?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 55).
II.H.3: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 2012’, ‘Prov.: Athienou?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 55).
II.H.4: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 2011’, ‘Prov.: Athienou?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 55).
II.H.5: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1802’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 55).
II.H.6: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 0570’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 55).
II.H.7: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 380’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).
II.H.8: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1839’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).
II.H.9: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 35’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).
II.H.10: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 36’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).
II.H.11: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 27’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).
II.H.12: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 576’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).
II.H.13: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1086’, ‘Prov.: Kotchati?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).
II.H.14: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 466’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).
II.H.15: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 19’, ‘Prov.: Kotchati?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).
II.H.16: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 866’, ‘Prov.: Kotchati?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).
II.H.17: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 25’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).
II.H.18: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 26’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).
II.H.19: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1199’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).
II.H.20: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 28’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56).
II.H.21: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 24’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 56), ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).
II.H.22: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1179’, ‘Prov.: Kotchati?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).
II.H.23: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 263’, ‘Prov.: Kotchati?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).
II.H.24: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 20’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).
II.H.25: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 21’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).
II.H.26: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 23’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).
II.H.27: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 22’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).
II.H.28: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 266’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).
II.H.29: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS N 103’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).
II.H.30: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 707’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).
II.H.31: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 311’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).
II.H.32: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 78’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).
II.H.33: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 29’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).
II.H.34: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1281’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).
II.H.35: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 705’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).
II.H.36: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 48’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 57).
II.H.37: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 522’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).
II.H.38: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 61’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).
II.H.39: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1850’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).
II.H.40: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS N 63’, ‘Prov.: Area of Kantara?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).
II.H.41: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 861’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).
II.H.42: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 228’, ‘Prov.: Area of Kantara?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).
II.H.43: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 31’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).
II.H.44: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 32’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).
II.H.45: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 33’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).
II.H.46: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 34’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).
II.H.47: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1268’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).
II.H.48: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1115’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).
II.H.49: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 227’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).
II.H.50: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 31’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).
II.H.51: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 62’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 58).
II.H.52: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 30’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).
II.H.53: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 98’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).
II.H.54: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 99’, ‘Prov.: Karpass? Kantara?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).
II.H.55: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 100’, ‘Prov.: Karpass? Kantara?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).
II.H.56: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1852’, ‘Prov.: Karpass? Kantara?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).
II.H.57: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 300’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).
II.H.58: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 103’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).
II.H.59: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 88’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).
II.H.60: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 8?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).
II.H.61: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 56’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).
II.H.62: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 223’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).
II.H.63: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 326’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).
II.H.64: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1903’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59).
II.H.65: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 79’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 59), ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).
II.H.66: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 60’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).
II.H.67: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 59’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).
II.H.68: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 58’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).
II.H.69: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1258’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).
II.H.70: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1088’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).
II.H.71: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 92’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).
II.H.72: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 96’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).
II.H.73: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 47’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).
II.H.74: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 46’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).
II.H.75: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 244’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).
II.H.76: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 235’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).
II.H.77: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 57’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).
II.H.78: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 94’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).
II.H.79: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 93’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).
II.H.80: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 95’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 60).
II.H.81: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1025’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).
II.H.82: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 44’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).
II.H.83: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1748’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).
II.H.84: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 341’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).
II.H.85: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS N 126’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).
II.H.86: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 54’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).
II.H.87: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 17’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).
II.H.88: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 55’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).
II.H.89: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 503’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).
II.H.90: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1272’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).
II.H.91: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 423’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).
II.H.92: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 844’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).
II.H.93: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 648’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).
II.H.94: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 478’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).
II.H.95: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 2027’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61).
II.H.96: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 45’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 61), ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).
II.H.97: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 179’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).
II.H.98: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 51’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).
II.H.99: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 325’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).
II.H.100: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 52’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).
II.H.101: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 548’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).
II.H.102: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 68’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).
II.H.103: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 70’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).
II.H.104: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 760’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).
II.H.105: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 679’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).
II.H.106: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 584’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).
II.H.107: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: [LS?] 1053’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).
II.H.108: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 69’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).
II.H.109: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 65’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).
II.H.110: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 101’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62).
II.H.111: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 742’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 62), ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).
II.H.112: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 49’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).
II.H.113: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS N 131’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).
II.H.114: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 37’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).
II.H.115: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS N 104’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).
II.H.116: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 50’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).
II.H.117: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1031’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).
II.H.118: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 170’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).
II.H.119: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 575’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).
II.H.120: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 255’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).
II.H.121: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 39’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).
II.H.122: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 42’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).
II.H.123: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 792’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).
II.H.124: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 229’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).
II.H.125: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1874’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).
II.H.126: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 440’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 63).
II.H.127: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 499’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).
II.H.128: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 351’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).
II.H.129: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 983’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).
II.H.130: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 982’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).
II.H.131: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 322’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).
II.H.132: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 53’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).
II.H.133: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 2006’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).
II.H.134: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 71’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).
II.H.135: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 63’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).
II.H.136: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 411’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).
II.H.137: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 12’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).
II.H.138: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 364’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).
II.H.139: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 67’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).
II.H.140: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1890’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).
II.H.141: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 331’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 64).
II.H.142: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 333’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).
II.H.143: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 66’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).
II.H.144: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 102’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).
II.H.145: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 985’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).
II.H.146: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 73’, ‘Prov.: Haghios Iakovos? Famagusta area’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).
II.H.147: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 76’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).
II.H.148: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 187’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).
II.H.149: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 363’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).
II.H.150: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 41’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).
II.H.151: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 72’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).
II.H.152: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 74’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).
II.H.153: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 450’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).
II.H.154: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 83’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).
II.H.155: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 75’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).
II.H.156: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 38’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).
II.H.157: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 40’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).
II.H.158: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 43’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 65).
II.H.159: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 837’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).
II.H.160: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 715’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).
II.H.161: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1121’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).
II.H.162: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 299’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).
II.H.163: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1183’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).
II.H.164: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 763’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).
II.H.165: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1207’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).
II.H.166: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 104’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).
II.H.167: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 544’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).
II.H.168: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 810’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).
II.H.169: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 86’, ‘Prov.: Surroundings of Salamis?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).
II.H.170: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 64’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).
II.H.171: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: --’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).
II.H.172: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 87’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).
II.H.173: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 769’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).
II.H.174: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS N 73’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 66).
II.H.175: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS N 105’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).
II.H.176: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 77’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).
II.H.177: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 502’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).
II.H.178: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 820’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).
II.H.179: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1243’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).
II.H.180: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 960’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).
II.H.181: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 82’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).
II.H.182: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 81’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).
II.H.183: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 109’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).
II.H.184: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 496’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).
II.H.185: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 492’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).
II.H.186: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 91’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).
II.H.187: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 90’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).
II.H.188: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 604’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).
II.H.189: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 842’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).
II.H.190: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 85’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 67).
II.H.191: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 108’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).
II.H.192: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 748’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).
II.H.193: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 110’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).
II.H.194: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 119’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).
II.H.195: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 871’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).
II.H.196: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 120’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).
II.H.197: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS N 84’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).
II.H.198: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 121’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).
II.H.199: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 84’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).
II.H.200: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 105’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).
II.H.201: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 106’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).
II.H.202: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 111’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).
II.H.203: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 114’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).
II.H.204: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 113’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).
II.H.205: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1117’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).
II.H.206: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 115’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 68).
II.H.207: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 116’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).
II.H.208: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1260’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).
II.H.209: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 112’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).
II.H.210: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 118’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).
II.H.211: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 107’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).
II.H.212: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 123’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).
II.H.213: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 122’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).
II.H.214: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 124’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).
II.H.215: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 617’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).
II.H.216: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 3’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).
II.H.217: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 6’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).
II.H.218: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 8’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).
II.H.219: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 12’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).
II.H.220: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 14’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 69).
II.H.221: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 13’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).
II.H.222: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 15’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).
II.H.223: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 16’, ‘Prov.: Famagusta?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).
II.H.224: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 11’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).
II.H.225: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 7’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).
II.H.226: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 5’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).
II.H.227: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 9’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).
II.H.228: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: -2’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).
II.H.229: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 1927’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).
II.H.230: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: -1’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).
II.H.231: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: -3’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).
II.H.232: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 146’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).
II.H.233: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 147’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 70).
II.H.234: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 149’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).
II.H.235: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 2760’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).
II.H.236: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 145’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).
II.H.237: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 144’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).
II.H.238: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 148’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).
II.H.239: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: LS 2700’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).
II.H.240: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: -’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).
II.H.241: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 131’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).
II.H.242: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 130’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).
II.H.243: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 128’, ‘Prov.: Cyprus’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).
II.H.244: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 150’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).
II.H.245: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 152’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).
II.H.246: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 151’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 71).
II.H.247: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 153’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).
II.H.248: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 154’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).
II.H.249: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 155’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).
II.H.250: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 156’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).
II.H.251: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 180’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).
II.H.252: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 157’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).
II.H.253: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 158’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).
II.H.254: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 159’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).
II.H.255: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 160’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).
II.H.256: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 161’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).
II.H.257: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 162’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 72).
II.H.258: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 163’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).
II.H.259: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 164’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).
II.H.260: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 165’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).
II.H.261: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 167’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).
II.H.262: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 168’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).
II.H.263: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 169’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).
II.H.264: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 166’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).
II.H.265: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 172’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).
II.H.266: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 173’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).
II.H.267: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 174’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 73).
II.H.268: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 175’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 74).
II.H.269: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 176’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 74).
II.H.270: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 177’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 74).
II.H.271: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 171’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 74).
II.H.272: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 170’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 74).
II.H.273: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 179’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 74).
II.H.274: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 182’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 74).
II.H.275: n.d., no info, ‘Inv.: NS 178’, ‘Prov.: Kyrenia?’ (Vandenabeele et al, 1990: 74).

II.I.1-II.I.16: 'acquired in Turkey..., around 1963' (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990h: 75).
II.I.17-II.I.44: n.d., no info (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990h: 75).
II.I.45-II.I.52: n.d., no info (Destrooper-Georgiades, 1990h: 76).

Ashmolean Museum, Cypriot antiquities

2011-02-05T12:05:00.002Z

In 1983, David Frankel published some of the Early and Middle Bronze Age Material in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. It fits the general outline of international public museums acquiring probably looted antiquities, including conflict antiquities.

The Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology is part of the University of Oxford. Frankel published 266 of the roughly 1,400 artefacts in its Cypriot Bronze Age collection.

Numbers

247 of those 266 were of apparently '[u]nknown provenance' (Frankel, 1983: 18); yet 9 of the 247 artefacts of "unknown provenance" were "said to be from" sites in Greece; so since they may well have been found outside Cyprus, I have excluded them from my review (fn1).

(Thus, I counted 238 of the unprovenanced antiquities, and studied 257 of the published artefacts.)

There were 3 finds donated by archaeologist Hector Catling in 1970. Each catalogue entry was briefer than the last, but the fullest first entry, for a find '[p]resented by H. W. Catling' in the Report of the Visitors 1969-1970' (ibid.: 36), suggests they were chance finds donated to the museum.

So, there were 3 (1.17%) chance finds; but the other 254 (98.83%) of the artefacts were probably looted. Of those 254,

223 (87.80%) were probably looted before conflict, including
- 8 with no acquisition date or find-spot;
- 203 artefacts, either acquired before the beginning of the 1963-1974 intercommunal conflict, or from collections created before then;
- 2 artefacts which were '[p]resented' by the Cyprus Exploration Fund in 1888, without any other information (when #1278-#1281, which were from even earlier and themselves probably looted, had find-spots); and
- 1 which was '[p]resented' in 1948 by a private collector, who 'bought [#0131] from [the] Department of Antiquities' through 1930s British colonial governor and antiquities inspector, Rupert Forbes Gunnis (Frankel, 1983: 33; unlike #0149 and #0215, which were recorded under the same system but had publications showing their origins);
- 5 from Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni; and
- 4 from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Nicosia; while
31 (12.20%) were probably looted during the intercommunal conflict, including
- 24 with an acquisition date between 1964 and 1974, but without a find-spot; and
- 7 from Turkish Cypriot Magounda.

Findings

So, the sample of probably looted artefacts' find-spots is too small to be used on its own. (For the record, though, 55.56% of the antiquities probably looted before the conflict were probably looted by Turkish Cypriots, 44.44% by Greek Cypriots; and all of the conflict antiquities were Turkish Cypriot-looted.)

Still, there was enough evidence to work out how the museum got its artefacts and when. Most of its collection seems to have been looted, and most of it seems to have been acquired in peacetime; but some were conflict antiquities, acquired during - and it could be said through - the intercommunal conflict.

Footnotes

fn1: Equally, 1 of the 24 artefacts probably looted during the conflict had a '[s]uggested provenance' (ibid.: 23), a find-spot in Cyprus; so since it may well not have been found in the suggested village, I have not included its possible find-spot in my review.

Bibliography

Frankel, D. 1983: Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 7: Early and Middle Bronze Age material in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Gothenburg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Data

0001: 1953, ‘Formerly in the collection of the Larnaca District Commissioner’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)
0002: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)
0003: 1953, ‘Purchased; formerly Petrakides Collection, Larnaca’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)
0004: 1886, ‘Purchased from Mr Ogden; said to come from Melos’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)
0005: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)
0006: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)
0007: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)
0008: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)
0009: 1948, ‘Presented by Mr M. Balfour, bought in Cyprus through R. Gunnis’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)
0010: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)
0011: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)
0012: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 18)
0013: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)
0014: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)
0015: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)
0016: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)
0017: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)
0018: 1961, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)
0019: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)
0020: 1978, ‘Found, unnumbered, probably Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)
0021: 1886, ‘Purchased from Mr Ogden; said to come from Melos’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)
0022: 1947, ‘Presented by Profs. J. A. K. Thompson and Grace Macurdy’ (Frankel, 1983: 19)
0023: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)
0024: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)
0025: 1947, ‘Presented by Profs. J. A. K. Thompson and Grace Macurdy’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)
0026: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)
0027: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)
0028: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)
0029: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)
0030: 1953, ‘Myres’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)
0031: 1953, ‘Myres’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)
0032: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)
0033: 1965, ‘Purchased, Christies [sic]’ (Frankel, 1983: 20)
0034: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 21)
0035: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 21)
0036: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 21)
0037: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 21)
0038: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 21)
0039: 1888: ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 21)
0040: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 21)
0041: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 21)
0042: n.d., no info (Frankel, 1983: 21)
0043: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 22)
0044: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 22)
0045: 1916, ‘Presented by Mrs Guy V. Dickens’ (Frankel, 1983: 22)
0046: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 22)
0047: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 22)
0048: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 22)
0049: 1956, ‘Presented by Mrs H. A. Pritchard’ (Frankel, 1983: 22)
0050: 1885, ‘Ex Flower Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 23)
0051: n.d., ‘Myres’ (Frankel, 1983: 23)
0052: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983:3)
0053: 1968, ‘Purchased (Bomford Trust Purchase) Suggested provenance Aghirda district’ (Frankel, 1983: 23)
0054: 1963,’Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 23)
0055: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 23)
0056: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 23)
0057: 1954, ‘Purchased from V. Heidemiran’ (Frankel, 1983: 23)
0058: 1946, ‘Presented by Dr Neville Goodman’ (Frankel, 1983: 24)
0059: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 24)
0060: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 24)
0061: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 24)
0062: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 24)
0063: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 24)
0064: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 24)
0065: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 24)
0066: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 25)
0067: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 25)
0068: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 25)
0069: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 25)
0070: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 25)
0071: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 25)
0072: 1891, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 25)
0073: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 25)
0074: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 26)
0075: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 26)
0076: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 26)
0077: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 26)
0078: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 26)
0079: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 26)
0080: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 26)
0081: ‘1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 26)
0082: 1964, no info (Frankel, 1983: 27)
0083: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 27)
0084: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 27)
0085: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 27)
0086: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 27)
0087: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 27)
0088: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 28)
0089: n.d., ‘Probably Myres’ (Frankel, 1983: 28)
0090: 1965, ‘Purchased, Christies [sic]’ (Frankel, 1983: 28)
0091: 1912, ‘Obtained by exchange: procured in Ireland by the Rev. Father Brown (University College, Dublin)’ (Frankel, 1983: 28)
0092: 1888, ‘Presented by the Committee of the Cyprus Exploration Fund’ (Frankel, 1983: 28)
0093: 1947, ‘Presented by Professors Grace Macurdy and J. A. K. Thompson’ (Frankel, 1983: 28)
0094: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 28)
0095: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 28)
0096: 1947, ‘Presented by Professors Grace Macurdy and J. A. K. Thompson’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)
0097: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)
0098: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)
0099: 1954, ‘Presented by Dame Elizabeth Kelly’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)
0100: 1885, ‘Transferred from Natural Science Museum’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)
0101: 1946, ‘Presented by Mr Neville Goodman’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)
0102: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)
0103: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)
0104: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 29)
0105: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 30)
0106: n.d., no info (Frankel, 1983: 30)
0107: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 30)
0108: 1969, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 30)
0109: n.d., no info (Frankel, 1983: 30)
0110: n.d., ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 30)
0111: 1927, ‘Presented by J. G. Milne; said to be from Rhodes’ (Frankel, 1983: 30)
0112: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 30)
0113: 1965, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 31)
0114: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 31)
0115: 1955, ‘Presented by Mrs E. M. Clifford’ (Frankel, 1983: 31)
0116: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 31)
0117: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 31)
0118: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 31)
0119: 1886, ‘Purchased from Mr Ogden; said to be from Melos; alternative (in pencil) provenance given as Tremata’ (Frankel, 1983: 31)
0120: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 31)
0121: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)
0122: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)
0123: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)
0124: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)
0125: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)
0126: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)
0127: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)
0128: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)
0129: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 32)
0130: 1946, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 33)
0131: 1948, ‘Presented by Mr M. Balfour. ([B]ought from Department of Antiquities in Cyprus through R. Gunnis)’ (Frankel, 1983: 33)
0132: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 33)
0133: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 33)
0134: 1955, ‘Formerly Passmore Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 33)
0135: 1961, ‘Purchased. ([P]aper label on vessel: “Dawkins 1909”)’ (Frankel, 1983: 33)
0136: 1969, ‘Purchased through offices of the Folio Society…. An almost identical (but much larger) vessel, with the same modelled animals and incised decoration comes from Aghirda’ (Frankel, 1983: 34)
0137: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 34)
0138: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 34)
0139: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 34)
0140: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 34)
0141: 1971, ‘Purchased, formerly Bomford Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 34)
0142: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 34)
0143: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 35)
0144: 1971, ‘Purchased: Formerly Bomford Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 35)
0145: 1938, ‘Presented by Prof. R. G. Collingwood, formerly John Ruskin Collection, from Cesnola Collection, shipped from Cyprus in 1875, offered for sale in London in 1876’ (Frankel, 1983: 35)
0146: 1971, ‘Purchased, formerly Bomford Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 35)
0147: 1974, ‘Purchased, formerly Bomford Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 35)
0148: 1974, ‘Purchased, formerly Bomford Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 36)
0149: 1969-1970, ‘Presented by H. W. Catling. Report of the Visitors 1969-1970’ (Frankel, 1983: 36)
0150: 1884, ‘Presented by the Rev. G. J. Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 36)
0151: n.d., ‘On loan from J. A. Brew’ (Frankel, 1983: 36)
0152: n.d., ‘On loan from J. A. Brew’ (Frankel, 1983: 36)
0153: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 37)
0154: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 37)
0155: n.d., ‘Probably Myres’ (Frankel, 1983: 37)
0156: n.d., ‘Probably Myres’ (Frankel, 1983: 37)
0157: 1948, ‘Purchased from the Rev. E. A. Sydenham (Sotheby’s…)’ (Frankel, 1983: 37)
0158: 1954, ‘Presented by Dame Elizabeth Kelly’ (Frankel, 1983: 37)
0159: 1956, ‘Presented by Mrs Sladen’ (Frankel, 1983: 37)
0160: n.d., no info (Frankel, 1983: 38)
0161: n.d., ‘Presented by C. L. Woolley (formerly Cesnola Collection)’ (Frankel, 1983: 38)
0162: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 38)
0163: n.d., no info (Frankel, 1983: 38)
0164: 1888, ‘Presented by the Cyprus Exploration Fund’ (Frankel, 1983: 38)
0165: 1885, ‘Ex Flower Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 38)
0166: 1963, ‘Antrobus’ (Frankel, 1983: 38)
0167: 1885, ‘Ex Flower Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 38)
0168: 1937, ‘Purchased from G. F. Lawrence’ (Frankel, 1983: 39)
0169: 1885, ‘Ex Flower Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 39)
0170: 1948, ‘Presented by Mr Balfour (bought in Cyprus through R. Gunnis from Department of Antiquities)’ (Frankel, 1983: 39)
0171: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 39)
0172: 1911, ‘Formerly Cesnola Collection, obtained by exchange from the Metropolitan Museum, New York’ (Frankel, 1983: 39)
0173: 1949, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 39)
0174: 1886, ‘Purchased from Mr Ogden: said to be from Melos’ (Frankel, 1983: 40)
0175: 1961, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 40)
0176: 1886, ‘Purchased by Sir Arthur Evans from Mr Ogden: said to be from Melos’ (Frankel, 1983: 40)
0177: 1966, ‘Transferred from the Museum of the Warneford Hospital and Clinic, Oxford’ (Frankel, 1983: 40)
0178: 1954, ‘Presented by Dame Elizabeth Kelly’ (Frankel, 1983: 40)
0179: 1911, ‘Formerly Cesnola Collection, obtained by exchange from the Metropolitan Museum, New York’ (Frankel, 1983: 40)
0180: 1948, ‘Presented by Lt. Col. Packe’ (Frankel, 1983: 41)
0181: 1889, ‘Presented by Mrs H. Martyn Kennard’ (Frankel, 1983: 41)
0182: 1927, ‘Presented by J. C. Milne: said to come from Rhodes’ (Frankel, 1983: 41)
0183: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 41)
0184: 1978, ‘Probably presented by Myres. (“JLM 5” written on it)’ (Frankel, 1983: 41)
0185: 1978, ‘Found unnumbered’ (Frankel, 1983: 42)
0186: 1938, ‘Presented by R. G. Collingwood. Ex Ruskin Collection, formerly Cesnola Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 42)
0187: 1911, ‘Formerly Cesnola Collection; obtained by exchange from Metropolitan Museum, New York’ (Frankel, 1983: 42)
0188: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 42)
0189: 1927, ‘Presented by J. G. Milne: said to come from Rhodes’ (Frankel, 1983: 42)
0190: 1956, ‘Presented by Miss I. D. Cook’ (Frankel, 1983: 42)
0191: n.d., no info (Frankel, 1983: 42)
0192: 1885, ‘Ex Flower Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 43)
0193: n.d., ‘Possibly Myres’ (Frankel, 1983: 43)
0194: 1964, no info (Frankel, 1983: 43)
0195: 1911, ‘Formerly Cesnola Collection: obtained by exchange from the Metropolitan Museum, New York’ (Frankel, 1983: 43)
0196: 1933, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s…. (Possibly formerly in Cesnola Collection)’ (Frankel, 1983: 43)
0197: 1954, ‘Presented by Dame Elizabeth Kelly’ (Frankel, 1983: 43)
0198: 1954, ‘Presented by Dame Elizabeth Kelly’ (Frankel, 1983: 43)
0199: n.d., no info (Frankel, 1983: 44)
0200: 1971, ‘Presented by Prof. C. M. Robertson’ (Frankel, 1983: 44)
0201: 1933, ‘Purchased Sotheby’s… (possibly from Alexander di Cesnola collection)’ (Frankel, 1983: 44)
0202: 1974, ‘Purchased. Formerly in the de Clercq Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 44)
0203: 1885, ‘Ex Flower Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 45)
0204: 1970, ‘Presented by Prof. C. M. Robertson’ (Frankel, 1983: 45)
0205: 1953, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 45)
0206: 1933, ‘Purchased Sotheby’s…. possibly formerly Alexander di Cesnola collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 45)
0207: 1933, ‘Purchased Sotheby’s…. (probably formerly Alexander di Cesnola collection)’ (Frankel, 1983: 45)
0208: 1953, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 46)
0209: 1933, ‘Purchased Sotheby’s…. possibly formerly Alexander di Cesnola Collection’ [yes, printed out-of-order] (Frankel, 1983: 45)
0210: 1963, ‘Presented by Mr Richard Falkiner’ (Frankel, 1983: 46)
0211: 1969, ‘Presented by Mr J. Bomford’ (Frankel, 1983: 46)
0212: 1965, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 46)
0213: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 46)
0214: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 46)
0215: 1970, ‘Catling. Report of the Visitors 1970’ (Frankel, 1983: 46)
0216: 1889, ‘Presented by H. Martyn Kennard’ (Frankel, 1983: 46)
0217: 1886, ‘Purchased from Mr Ogden’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)
0218: 1885, ‘Ex Flower Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)
0219: 1911, ‘Formerly Cesnola Collection; obtained by exchange from the Metropolitan Museum, New York’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)
0220: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)
0221: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)
0222: 1953, ‘Haycraft’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)
0223: 1964, no info (Frankel, 1983: 47)
0224: 1886, ‘Purchased from Mr Ogden’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)
0225: 1911, ‘Formerly Cesnola Collection, obtained by exchange from Metropolitan Museum, New York’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)
0226: 1948, ‘Purchased (formerly collection of Rev. E. A. Sydenham)’ (Frankel, 1983: 47)
0227: 1956, ‘Presented by Sir Leonard Woolley’ (Frankel, 1983: 48)
0228: 1965, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 48)
0229: n.d., ‘Presented by Sir Leonard Woolley (formerly Cesnola Collection)’ (Frankel, 1983: 48)
0230: 1938, ‘Presented by Prof. R. G. Collingwood; formerly John Ruskin Collection, ex Cesnola Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 48)
0231: 1933, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 48)
0232: 1965, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 48)
0233: 1886, ‘Purchased from Mr Ogden, said to be from Melos’ (Frankel, 1983: 49)
0234: 1948, ‘Presented by Mr M. Balfour; bought in Cyprus through R. Gunnis’ (Frankel, 1983: 49)
0235: 1948, ‘Purchased, Sotheby’s’ (Frankel, 1983: 49)
0236: 1970, ‘Purchased’ (Frankel, 1983: 49)
0237: 1946, ‘Presented by Dr Neville Goodman’ (Frankel, 1983: 49)
0238: 1970, ‘Catling’ [see above] (Frankel, 1983: 49)
0239: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 49)
0240: 1888, ‘Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 49)
0241: 1927, ‘Presented by Sir Arthur Evans; formerly Sir John Evans Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)
0242: 1927, ‘Presented by Sir Arthur Evans; formerly Sir John Evans Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)
0243: 1927, ‘Presented by Sir Arthur Evans; formerly Sir John Evans Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)
0244: 1927, ‘Presented by Sir Arthur Evans; formerly Sir John Evans Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)
0245: 1927, ‘Presented by Sir Arthur Evans; formerly Sir John Evans Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)
0246: 1927, ‘Presented by Sir Arthur Evans; formerly Sir John Evans Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)
0247: 1927, ‘Presented by Sir Arthur Evans; formerly Sir John Evans Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)
0248: 1884, ‘Presented by G. J. Chester’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)
0249: 1918, ‘Purchased; formerly Cannon Greenwell Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 50)

0322: 1976, ‘ex Bomford Collection, formerly de Clercq Collection’ (Frankel, 1983: 55)

0801: 1953, ‘Purchased. Ex. Petrakides Collection, probably from Galinoporni’ (Frankel, 1983: 89)

0819: 1959, ‘Purchased. Ex Petrakides Collection. [P]robably from Galinoporni’ (Frankel, 1983: 90)

0827: 1959, ‘Purchased. Petrakides Collection. Said to be from Galinoporni’ (Frankel, 1983: 91)

0828: 1953, ‘Purchased. Ex Kollokassides [sic] Collection. Said to be from Galinoporni’ (Frankel, 1983: 91)

0837: 1953, ‘Catling. Ex Petrakides Collection, Larnaca: said to come from the Karpas, probably Galinoporni’ (Frankel, 1983: 92)

1233-1239: 5 in 1968 and 2 in 1969 (Frankel, 1983: 114-115), ‘Material purchased (with the aid of the Bomford Trust) at Sotheby’s in 1968, and directly from the owners in 1969. Dr H. W. Catling was able to establish that the objects came from a cemetery near Magounda in the Paphos District’ (Frankel, 1983: 114)

1278-1281: 1 in 1883 and 3 in 1884 (Frankel, 1983: 120-121), ‘Material presented by G. J. Chester[.] (Said to be from Nicosia)’ (Frankel, 1983: 120)

Badischen State Museum, Karlsruhe; Cypriot antiquities

2011-02-02T09:45:00.002Z

In 1984, Wolfgang Schürmann published a Catalogue of Cypriot Antiquities in Badischen State Museum, Karlsruhe (fn1). Most of its artefacts were ethically-recovered. Its collection showed that it was possible to acquire museum-size collections legally and ethically.

Precautionary principle

There is a tiny amount of confusion about the numbers of probably excavated artefacts in one of the sets in the collection, but it's insignificant (fn2).

There was 'no certain information about the provenance of the pieces [keinen sicheren Aufschluß über die Provenienz der Stücke]', because they were apparently from (multiple) excavations (Schürmann, 1984: 4).

Furthermore, 'only about one-third of the items offered were purchased [da nur etwa ein Drittel der angebotenen Stücke angekauft worden ist]'; so, there was no way even to guess where Ohnefalsch-Richter's uninventoried artefacts were from (ibid.).

However, they were from Ohnefalsch-Richter's 'own excavations [eigenen Grabungen]' anyway (ibid.), and he was a fairly scientific; so, on the precautionary principle, I will presume that they were all excavated, surveyed, or otherwise ethically-recovered from somewhere.

Numbers

Of the 247 catalogued artefacts, 4 were excluded from the analysis as they were probably made in Cyprus, but deposited in Egypt (and thus collected from Egypt, not Cyprus). Of the 243 other artefacts,

107 were definitely excavated; and
83 were probably excavated by Max Ohnefalsch-Richter,
- 44 in Idalion,
- 3 in Agia Paraskevi-Lefkosias, and
- 36 from unknown locations.

So, in total, 190 (78.19%) were probably excavated.

The other 53 (21.81%) were probably looted:

2 had no acquisition date or collection history, but they did have a find-spot, Greek Cypriot majority mixed Nicosia-Agia Paraskevi, so they were probably looted from there before conflict;
45 had pre-conflict acquisition dates, and 'were acquired [erworben]' from 'the art trade [Kunsthandel]', from private antiquities collections and merchants (or from Ohnefalsch-Richter, without any find-spot or other information suggesting that they were ethically-recovered), so they were probably looted before conflict; and
6 (2.47%) 'were acquired' from 'the art trade' between 1964 and 1974, so they were probably conflict antiquities.

Findings

It was refreshing to find Badischen State Museum's collection comprised mostly legal, ethically-recovered antiquities. This shows that it was perfectly possible to acquire museum-size collections legally and ethically.

Moreover, even the probably looted antiquities were mostly from before the 1905 Antiquities Law (which first enabled effective punishments for illicit activities); and another couple were from 1908.

(It's also worth noting that almost all of the artefacts had acquisition dates (if not find-spots): this shows that it was established professional behaviour (and perfectly possible) to keep records.)

Still, there were six antiquities probably looted during the intercommunal conflict. These serve to remind us that the most professional of institutions have found it acceptable to collect conflict antiquities.

Footnotes

fn1: Katalog der Kyprischen Antiken im Badischen Landesmuseum Karlsruhe.

fn2: 38 excavated artefacts 'were acquired [erworben]' from Max Ohnefalsch-Richter in 1891 (Schürmann, 1984: 4; they were B2617-B2652 and F1869-F1870). One of those went missing (ibid.; B2643), so there should have been 37 in the catalogue, but only 36 were identifiable; perhaps one went uncatalogued.

Then again, if the three of Ohnefalsch-Richter's artefacts with Nicosia-Agia Paraskevi find-spots were included, there would have been 39.

Bibliography

Schürmann, W. 1984: Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 9: Katalog der kyprischen Antiken im Badischen Landesmuseum Karlsruhe [Corpus of Cypriote antiquities 9: Catalogue of Cypriot antiquities in Badischen State Museum, Karlsruhe]. Gothenburg: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Data

001: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 9)
002: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 9)
003: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 9)
004: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 9)
005: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 9)
006: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Hagia Paraskevi/Ledrai’ (Schürmann, 1984: 9)
007: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Hagia Paraskevi’ (Schürmann, 1984: 10)
008: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 10)
009: ‘1908 aus der Slg. [from the Sammlung (Collection)] J. Naue, München’ (Schürmann, 1984: 10); ‘B 3057-2058 [Nrs. 9; 18] stammen aus dem 1908 bei H. Helbing in München versteigerten Nachlaß des Historienmalers Prof. Dr. Julius Naue [are from 1908, the estate of historical painter Prof. Dr. Julius Naue, auctioned by H. Helbing in Munich] (s. o. Nr. 3)’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)
010: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 10)
011: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 11)
012: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 11)
013: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 11)
014: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 11)
015: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 12)
016: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 12)
017: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 12)
018: ‘1908 aus der Slg. [Sammlung (Collection)] J. Naue’ (Schürmann, 1984: 12); ‘B 3057-2058 [Nrs. 9; 18] stammen aus dem 1908 bei H. Helbing in München versteigerten Nachlaß des Historienmalers Prof. Dr. Julius Naue [[are from 1908, the estate of historical painter Prof. Dr. Julius Naue, auctioned by H. Helbing in Munich]] (s. o. Nr. 3)’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)
019: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 13)
020: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 13)
021: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 13)
022: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 13)
023: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 13)
024: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 14)
025: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 14)
026: ‘Zwischen 1853 und 1878 aus der Slg. [Sammlung (Collection)] Herlan, sehr wahrscheinlich aus Ägypten [most probably from Egypt]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 14)
027: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 14)
028: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 14)
029: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 15)
030: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 15)
031: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 15)
032: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 15)
033: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 15)
034: ‘1966 aus dem Kunsthandel [from the art trade]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 15); ‘Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wurde die Sammlung durch den Erwerb von bislang sieben weiteren kyprischen Antiken aus dem Kunsthandel ausgebaut [after the Second World War the collection was expanded by the acquisition of yet another seven antiquities from the art trade] (61/31 [Nr. 84]. 66/48 [Nr. 34]. 66/111 [Nr. 58]. 68/24a-b [Nrs. 52-53]. 68/49 [Nr. 50]. 73/108 [Nr. 216])’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)
035: ‘Zwischen 1853 und 1878 aus der Slg. Herlan, sehr wahrscheinlich aus Ägypten [between 1853 and 1878 from the Herlan Collection, most probably from Egypt]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 16)
036: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 16)
037: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 16)
038: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 16)
039: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 16)
040: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 17); ‘B 2918-2947 (davon verschollen B 2927. B 2930. B 2942-2944) wurden im Jahre 1900 durch die Vermittlung des Privatdozenten Dr. R. Hesse in Tübingen aus dem Besitz des deutschen Kaufmanns Martin Westorf in Nikosia erworben; über die Provenienz liegen keine Angaben vor. Auch zur Person Westorfs ist anscheinend nichts bekannt; er scheint aber mit Antiken gehandelt zu haben, wie aus einem Brief Ohnefalsch-Richters vom 13. 1. 1895 hervorgeht, der sic him Archiv des University Museum Philadelphia befindet [B 2918-2947 (including lost B 2927, B 2930, B 2942-2944) were acquired in 1900 through the mediation of adjunct lecturer Dr. R. Hesse in Tübingen from the possession of the German merchant Martin Westorf in Nicosia; there are no details on the provenience. Apparently nothing is known even about the person Westorf; he seems, though, to have handled antiquities, as is apparent from a letter from Ohnefalsch-Richter on 13. 1. 1895, found in the the sic him[?] archives of the University Museum of Philadelphia]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)
041: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 17)
042: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 17)
043: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 17)
044: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 17)
045: ‘1899 von Konsul Dr. C. A. Reinhardt, Kairo; angeblich aus Unterägypten [from Consul Dr. C. A. Reinhardt, Cairo, 1899; supposedly from Lower Egypt]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 17); ‘H 873 und H 883 [Nrs. 45 und 48] wurden 1899 zusammen mit einer umfangreichen Sammlung griechisch-ägyptischer Terrakotten aus dem Besitz des deutschen Konsuls in Kairo, Dr. Carl August Reinardt, erworben; sie sollen in Unterägypten gefunden worden sein [H 873 and H 883 [Nrs. 45 and 48] were acquired in 1899 along with an extensive collection of Greco-Egyptian terracottas from the possession of the German Consul in Cairo, Dr. Carl August Reinardt; they were allegedly found in Lower Egypt]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)
046: ‘1895 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 18); ‘B 2720-2721 [Nrs. 46-47] stamen ebenfalls aus dem Besitz Ohnefalsch-Richters und wurden 1895 erworben [B 2720-2721 [Nrs. 46-47] also come from the property of Ohnefalsch-Richter and were acquired in 1895]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)
047: ‘1895 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 18); ‘B 2720-2721 [Nrs. 46-47] stamen ebenfalls aus dem Besitz Ohnefalsch-Richters und wurden 1895 erworben [B 2720-2721 [Nrs. 46-47] also come from the property of Ohnefalsch-Richter and were acquired in 1895]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)
048: ‘1899 von Konsul Dr. C. A. Reinhardt, Kairo; angeblich aus Unterägypten [from Consul Dr. C. A. Reinardt, Cairo, 1899; supposedly from Lower Egypt]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 18); ‘H 873 und H 883 [Nrs. 45 und 48] wurden 1899 zusammen mit einer umfangreichen Sammlung griechisch-ägyptischer Terrakotten aus dem Besitz des deutschen Konsuls in Kairo, Dr. Carl August Reinardt, erworben; sie sollen in Unterägypten gefunden worden sein [H 873 and H 883 [Nrs. 45 and 48] were acquired in 1899 along with an extensive collection of Greco-Egyptian terracottas from the possession of the German Consul in Cairo, Dr. Carl August Reinardt; they were allegedly found in Lower Egypt]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)
049: ‘1879 in Athen erworben [acquired]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 19); ‘B 1532 [Nr. 49] 1879 durch die Vermittlung A. Furtwänglers aus dem Athener Kunsthandel erworben [B 1532 [Nr. 49] was acquired by the A. Furtwänglers Agency from the Athens art trade]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)
050: ‘1968 aus dem Kunsthandel erworben [acquired from the art trade in 1968]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 19); ‘Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wurde die Sammlung durch den Erwerb von bislang sieben weiteren kyprischen Antiken aus dem Kunsthandel ausgebaut [after the Second World War the collection was expanded by the acquisition of yet another seven antiquities from the art trade] (61/31 [Nr. 84]. 66/48 [Nr. 34]. 66/111 [Nr. 58]. 68/24a-b [Nrs. 52-53]. 68/49 [Nr. 50]. 73/108 [Nr. 216])’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)
051: ‘1885 von J. Naue, München’ (Schürmann, 1984: 19)
052: ‘1968 aus dem Kunsthandel erworben [acquired], angeblich zusammen gefunden mit [allegedly together with] 68/24b (Nr. 53)’ (Schürmann, 1984: 20); ‘B 2184-2185, 1885 von dem Münchener Historienmaler Prof. Dr. Julius Naue gestiftet. Naue stand mit Ohnefalsch-Richter in Verbindung und hat zeitweise für ihn gezeichnet, so daß diese Stücke wahrscheinlich ursprünglich aus Richters Besitz stammten [B 2184-2185, were donated in 1885 by the Münchener historical painter Prof. Dr. Julius Naue. Naue was connected with Ohnefalsch-Richter and had at times drawn for him, so that the pieces probably originally came from Ohnefalsch-Richter]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4); ‘Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wurde die Sammlung durch den Erwerb von bislang sieben weiteren kyprischen Antiken aus dem Kunsthandel ausgebaut [after the Second World War the collection was expanded by the acquisition of yet another seven antiquities from the art trade] (61/31 [Nr. 84]. 66/48 [Nr. 34]. 66/111 [Nr. 58]. 68/24a-b [Nrs. 52-53]. 68/49 [Nr. 50]. 73/108 [Nr. 216])’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)
053[a]: ‘1968 aus dem Kunsthandel erworben, angeblich zusammen gefunden mit [acquired from the art trade in 1968, allegedly together with] 68/24a (Nr. 52)’ (Schürmann, 1984: 20); ‘Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wurde die Sammlung durch den Erwerb von bislang sieben weiteren kyprischen Antiken aus dem Kunsthandel ausgebaut [after the Second World War the collection was expanded by the acquisition of yet another seven antiquities from the art trade] (61/31 [Nr. 84]. 66/48 [Nr. 34]. 66/111 [Nr. 58]. 68/24a-b [Nrs. 52-53]. 68/49 [Nr. 50]. 73/108 [Nr. 216])’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)
053[b]: [N.B.: YES, two entries numbered 53, AND a number 54…] ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 20)
054: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 21)
055: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Hagia Paraskevi’ (Schürmann, 1984: 21)
056: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 21)
057: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 22)
058: ‘1966 aus dem Kunsthandel [from the art trade in 1966]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 22); ‘Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wurde die Sammlung durch den Erwerb von bislang sieben weiteren kyprischen Antiken aus dem Kunsthandel ausgebaut [after the Second World War the collection was expanded by the acquisition of yet another seven antiquities from the art trade] (61/31 [Nr. 84]. 66/48 [Nr. 34]. 66/111 [Nr. 58]. 68/24a-b [Nrs. 52-53]. 68/49 [Nr. 50]. 73/108 [Nr. 216])’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)
059: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 22)
060: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 22)
061: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 23)
062: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 23)
063: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 23)
064: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 23)
065: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 23)
066: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 23)
067: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 24)
068: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 24)
069: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 24)
070: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 24)
071: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 24)
072: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 25)
073: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 25)
074: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 25)
075: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 25)
076: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 26)
077: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 26)
078: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 26)
079: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 26)
080: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 26)
081: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 27)
082: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 27)
083: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 27)
084: ‘1961 aus dem Kunsthandel’ (Schürmann, 1984: 27); ‘Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wurde die Sammlung durch den Erwerb von bislang sieben weiteren kyprischen Antiken aus dem Kunsthandel ausgebaut [after the Second World War the collection was expanded by the acquisition of yet another seven antiquities from the art trade] (61/31 [Nr. 84]. 66/48 [Nr. 34]. 66/111 [Nr. 58]. 68/24a-b [Nrs. 52-53]. 68/49 [Nr. 50]. 73/108 [Nr. 216])’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)
085: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 28)
086: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 28)
087: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 28)
088: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 28)
089: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 28)
090: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 28)
091: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 29)
092: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 29)
093: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 29)
094: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 29)
095: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 29)
096: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 29)
097: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 29)
098: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 30)
099: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 30)
100: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 30)
101: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 30)
102: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 30)
103: ‘1887 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 30)
104: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 30)
105: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 31)
106: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 31)
107: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 31)
108: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 31)
109: excavated (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); descriptions (Schürmann, 1984: 33-52); ‘Alle im folgenden bescriebenen Statuetten und Statuettenfragmente stamen aus den Grabungen M. Ohnefalsch-Richters im Aphrodite/Astarte-Heiligtum von Idalion und wurden 1887 erworben [all of the following statues and statue fragments come from the excavations of M. Ohnefalsch-Richter at the Aphrodite/Astarte sanctuary in Idalion and were acquired in 1887]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 32)
110: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
111: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
112: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
113: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
114: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
115: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
116: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
117: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
118: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
119: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
120: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
121: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
122: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
123: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
124: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
125: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
126: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
127: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
128: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
129: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
130: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
131: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
132: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
133: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
134: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
135: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
136: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
137: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
138: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
139: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
140: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
141: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
142: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
143: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
144: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
145: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
146: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
147: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
148: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
149: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
150: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
151: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
152: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
153: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
154: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
155: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
156: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
157: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
158: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
159: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
160: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
161: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
162: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
163: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
164: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
165: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
166: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
167: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
168: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
169: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
170: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
171: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
172: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
173: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
174: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
175: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
176: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
177: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
178: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
179: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
180: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
181: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
182: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
183: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
184: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
185: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
186: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
187: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
188: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
189: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
190: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
191: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
192: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
193: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
194: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
195: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
196: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
197: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
198: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
199: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
200: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
201: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
202: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
203: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
204: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
205: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
206: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
207: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
208: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
209: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
210: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
211: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
212: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
213: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
214: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
215: exc. (cf. Schürmann, 1984: 32); see note for #109
216: ‘1973 aus dem Kunsthandel [from the art trade in 1973]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 53); ‘Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wurde die Sammlung durch den Erwerb von bislang sieben weiteren kyprischen Antiken aus dem Kunsthandel ausgebaut [after the Second World War the collection was expanded by the acquisition of yet another seven antiquities from the art trade] (61/31 [Nr. 84]. 66/48 [Nr. 34]. 66/111 [Nr. 58]. 68/24a-b [Nrs. 52-53]. 68/49 [Nr. 50]. 73/108 [Nr. 216])’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)
217: ‘1885 von J. Naue, München’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54); ‘B 2184-2185, 1885 von dem Münchener Historienmaler Prof. Dr. Julius Naue gestiftet. Naue stand mit Ohnefalsch-Richter in Verbindung und hat zeitweise für ihn gezeichnet, so daß diese Stücke wahrscheinlich ursprünglich aus Richters Besitz stammten [B 2184-2185, donated in 1885 by the Münchener historical painter Prof. Dr. Julius Naue. Naue was connected with Ohnefalsch-Richter and had at times drawn for him, so that the pieces probably originally came from Ohnefalsch-Richter]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 4)
218: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)
219: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 218]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)
220: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 218]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)
221: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 218]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)
222: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 218]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)
223: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)
224: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 223]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)
225: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 223]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)
226: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 223]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 54)
227: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 223]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)
228: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 223]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)
229: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 223]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)
230: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)
231: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)
232: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 231]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)
233: ‘1900 von M. Westorf, Nikosia’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)
234: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)
235: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 55)
236: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 235]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 56)
237: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 235]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 56)
238: ‘Aus Hagia Paraskevi [from Nicosia-Agia Paraskevi]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 56)
239: ‘Aus Hagia Paraskevi [from Nicosia-Agia Paraskevi]?’ (Schürmann, 1984: 56)
240: ‘1885 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter, aus Idalion’ (Schürmann, 1984: 56)
241: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 56)
242: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 241]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 56)
243: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 56)
244: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 57)
245: ‘1891 von M. Ohnefalsch-Richter’ (Schürmann, 1984: 567)
246: ‘ebenso [i.e. cf. 245]’ (Schürmann, 1984: 57)

Aigyptoi: pws na 3eperasete ton fragmo ths kybernhshs sto internet!

2011-02-01T02:58:00.002Z

Αιγύπτιοι! Πώς να ξεπεράσετε τον φραγμό της κυβέρνησης στο ίντερνετ!

Έχω μεταφράσει τι είπε ένας Αιγυπτολόγος, ο Steve Harvey.

(Το μετέφρασα γρήγωρα, έτσι με συγχωρείτε για κανένα λάθος μου...)

Αν ξέρετε κανέναν στην Αίγυπτο, παρακαλώ του τούτο δώσετε.

Να περάσετε απ'το μπλοκ του διαδικτύου, χρησιμοποιήσετε το IP:

Twitter: "128.242.240.52"

Facebook: "69.63.189.34"

Google: "172.14.204.99"

Ένα γάλλικο ISP προσφέρει δωρεάν πρόσβαση στη τηλεφωνική γραμμή +33 1 72 89 01 50 με τον κωδικό toto.

Egyptian Revolution: how to get past government internet block

2011-02-01T02:57:00.001Z

Egyptologist Steve Harvey says:

If you know anyone in Egypt, please pass this on to them.

To bypass government blocking of websites, use numerical IP addresses:

Twitter "128.242.240.52"

Facebook: "69.63.189.34"

Google: "172.14.204.99"

A French ISP offers free dial up internet access ~ +33 1 72 89 01 50 ~ Login password: toto.

Egyptian Revolution: government thugs looting democracy protesters' communities, museums

2011-01-31T07:30:00.002Z

I don't know enough to say anything significant about the Egyptian Revolution. However, it is clear that a lot of the looters have been exposed as disguised government thugs, looting democracy protesters' communities and museums in a pathetic attempt to make the democratic revolutionaries look like criminals.

[11.29am update]

The former Director of the Egyptian Museum of Antiquities, Wafaa el-Saddik, has stated that some of the looters are the museum's/museums' own guards, because:

They are paid very poorly. I wrote the fingers crooked and asking for more money for these people. All for free. A security guard earns about 250 Egyptian pounds, or 35 € a month. We have about 160 security guards plus several dozen police officers who are basically conscripts in police uniforms. These policemen earn even less.

That is unsurprising; but it is important to acknowledge it as well, because now we have reliable accounts of both regime-backed counter-revolutionary looting, and spontaneous, poverty-stricken community looting.

Archaeologists can stop in-fighting over who's to blame and start putting all of their energy into minimising the harm done to Egyptian cultural heritage.

Anyone with any contacts in their country's police, customs, border controls, etc., should ask them to alert the agency to the need to watch out for looted Egyptian antiquities.

[Original post continued...]

I am glad that none of the people I have heard blithely say that they "wished they were there", when "there" is somewhere people are getting beaten and killed for demanding democracy and non-violence (or say anything else equally annoying but less offensive to struggling and suffering Egyptians), have been friends.

As for finding trustworthy sources of information, basically, what she said:

specifically on the looting, lots of friends and colleagues have highly recommended Egyptologist Margaret Maitland's blog, Eloquent Peasant;
more generally, al-Jazeera has news and twitter; CNN's Ben Wedeman tweets too.

Other than what she said, hyperallergic has loads of great stuff on looting and vandalism of Egyptian museums, archaeological sites and cultural places [and the Egyptological Looting Database 2011 is great].

Paul Barford recommended Egyptology News and News from the Valley of the Kings (amongst others); and Derek Fincham recommended bikyamasr, for Egypt generally and its looting specifically.

Louis B. Lewarne lives and tweets in Cairo. Occupied London has Reports from the Egyptian Uprising. The Guardian has a good live blog of incoming information (when its staff are awake); but Reuters has a 24hr live feed.

[Egyptological Looting Database 2011 link inserted on the 8th of February 2011.]

student activism on illicit antiquities trade

2011-01-28T18:00:00.001Z

An intern at Saving Antiquities For Everyone (SAFE), Meg, is 'designing and launching a campaign' promoting student awareness of and activism against the illicit antiquities trade.

Complementing that, this month, she started a blog on Things You Can't Take Back:

Until now, there has been no discernible widespread effort by college students to promote awareness or incite activism to curb a trade that is inextricably connected to our own lives, from the museums we visit to the terrorism we hear or experience every day....

This blog seeks to fill the huge gap in the existing blogosphere and informational sources in order to enable college students to find the information they need to help prevent making our history and archaeology degrees totally irrelevant.

Boy George returned stolen Cypriot icon

2011-01-28T04:30:00.001Z

George Alan O'Dowd - Boy George - has quickly and gracefully returned a Greek Cypriot Orthodox Christian icon, stolen from the Church of Agios Charalambous in Neochorio-Kythreas in northern Cyprus. (He returned it to the Orthodox Church in southern Cyprus.)

I should have mentioned this more than a week ago, but two things prevented me: first, Boy George returned the icon quickly and gracefully; and second, my Greek Cypriot friends and I have been laughing ever since about how the Orthodox priests found out he had any icon to return...

Cypriot antiquities, Severis Collection - intercommunal conflict, bicommunal illicit antiquities trade

2011-01-21T03:45:00.044Z

The Leto and Costakis Severis Collection was largely built from Cypriot antiquities looted during the intercommunal conflict.

Contrary to nationalist histories of the Cyprus Conflict, and of the plundering of Cypriot cultural heritage, it is very clear that, even during the intercommunal conflict, there was a bicommunal illicit antiquities trade; and still now, the only hope of combating this paramilitary-controlled, organised crime is bicommunal cooperation.

Background

Before, I noted that the Severis Collection was one of the Large Private Collections of Looted Antiquities, which were created as part of the Greek Cypriot administration's secret programme of "antiquities rescue" during the intercommunal conflict.

I also used material from the Severis Collection to question whether that secret programme was really salvage. However, now I have reviewed the original collection catalogue (and the recent additions to its newest edition).

The collection catalogue is a fair-sized sample; and all of it was fairly definitely collected between December 1963 and December 1973 (during the intercommunal conflict); so it is quite interesting.

Collection history

The Cyprus Museum and the Swedish Cyprus Expedition inspired Leto Lymbouridou to become an archaeologist; and the New York Institute of Archaeology accepted her a a student; but sadly, her mother 'rejected... "digging in the earth for earthenware"' as unwifely behaviour (D. C. Severis, 2010: 13).

Yet (married as Leto Lymbouridou-Severis), her father-in-law Demosthenis Severis collected antiquities, and 'encouraged' her to do so (ibid.). She collected more than 2,500 artefacts, though more than 600 of those were 'looted' from Kyrenia after the Greek coup and Turkish invasion of 1974 (ibid.: 14).

Reaffirming my previous argument that undocumented antiquities were unlikely to come from before 1935, Leto Severis's son, Demosthenis C. Severis (1999: 7), noted that 'antique pieces started to appear more frequently and in greater quantities' after 1945.

It is true that antiquities laws were 'looser' at that time (ibid.); however, as I showed in my post on Cypriot Antiquities Law on Looted Artefacts and Private Collections, the laws were not still quite tight. It shames British colonial government that collectors found 'acquisition of objects almost unrestricted' (ibid.).

Even then, the Severis family collected few antiquities before 1963: the Severis Collection was built 'mainly' from antiquities looted 'from the early 1960s to the early 1970s' (Karageorghis, 1999: 17).

Vassos Karageorghis (1999: 17), who was the Greek Cypriot antiquities director during that decade of intercommunal conflict, presented it as a problem of 'looting... in Turkish Cypriote villages – enclaves' under the control of Turkish Cypriot nationalist paramilitaries (besieged by Greek Cypriot nationalist paramilitaries).

As I have mentioned elsewhere, Karageorghis (1999: 17) explained that,

the Department of Antiquities... decided to follow a policy of "silent accord", allowing Cypriots who had access to the Turkish enclaves to buy the "spoils" of looting so that these should remain in the country and not be exported abroad... [by] foreign diplomats, members of foreign missions and others....

Yet, as I show below, the evidence from this collection (and from others I have discussed before) reveals that those Greek Cypriot private antiquities collectors also collected looted antiquities from Greek Cypriot villages under the control of the Greek Cypriot authorities.

The most important of them [the 'large private collections'] are the Hadjiprodromou Collection (Famagusta), the Pierides Collection (Larnaca) and the Severis Collection (Nicosia) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17).

(For another example, look at the Pierides Foundation Museum Collection.)

Demosthenis C. Severis inherited the Leto and Costakis Collection, and made it a 'long term loan' to the Constantine Leventis Wing of the Leventis Municipal Museum of Nicosia (Karageorghis, 2010: 11).

Caution over numbers

An art historian at Eastern Mediterranean University, Associate Professor Marc Fehlmann (2007), examined three large private collections of Cypriot antiquities in a conference paper On the Situation of Cultural Heritage in Northern Cyprus.

Fehlmann used David Gill and Chris Chippindale's (1993) study of Greek antiquities to guide his study of Cypriot antiquities. He included his paper's findings in a (helpfully citable) comment on Gill's blog on Looting Matters:

according to the methods applied by Chippendale and Gill to Cycladic figurines,... 98.4% of the objects in the Severis-Coll[ection]... have no provenance [find-spot] or previous owner at all.

[Gill discussed Fehlmann's comment in a blog post on Cyprus and Private Collections.]

I would also say that I basically followed Gill and Chippindale's (1993) methods for analysing the origins of artefacts; but I have adapted them to the particular, peculiar, context of Cyprus.

Gill and Chippindale were especially wary of forgeries within the tiny supply of (fewer than two thousand) Cycladic artworks; but I was not especially concerned about forgeries within the massive supply of (hundreds of thousands of) Cypriot antiquities.

I recognised that there were forgeries of Cypriot artefacts; but I feared that the supply of looted antiquities had continually fed any demand that might otherwise have been fed by a forgery industry.

Assessing whether an artefact was genuine, and whether it had been recovered ethically or looted, Gill and Chippindale (1993: 611n107) categorised artefacts as '"known"; "said to be [from somewhere]"; "possibly" or "perhaps" [from somewhere]; [or] "unknown"'.

Gill and Chippindale (1993), Fehlmann (2007; 2008) and I excluded artefacts "possibly" or "perhaps" from somewhere as not known to be from anywhere.

Gill and Chippindale (1993: 611n107) accepted artefacts' 'vague' find-spots like 'Asia Minor' as known, though they 'may not [have been] much more than a restatement of their... style'. (Particularly because I used find-spots to identify looting communities) I judged such find-spots too vague and rejected them.

At the same time, since reporting something was "said to be" from somewhere was merely 'the usual undocumented and unsubstantiated assertion', Gill and Chippindale (1993: 612) rejected it as unreliable. As I will now explain, I accepted something "probably" or "said to be" from somewhere as from that place.

Confidence in numbers

Unlike Fehlmann, I believe that we can have reasonable confidence in the find-spots given in the introduction to Ancient Cypriote Art in the Severis Collection (and in Cypriot antiquities catalogues more generally).

Karageorghis does use uncertain words and phrases: some things "may have come" from one place; other things "may have been found" in another place; some artefacts were "typical" of finds from one archaeological site, and they were collected when that site was looted.

However, those uncertain words hide certain knowledge. For example, the catalogue records only that,

The groups of vases (cat. nos. 12-20)... are typical of the Philia stage pottery and it is quite possible that they may have come from Marki-Davari, which was thoroughly looted during the years when the Collection was formed (Karageorghis, 1999: 33).

Later, it recognises only that,

It is quite possible that this dagger blade [cat. no. 22] may have come from the same tomb as the Philia phase wares discussed above (cat. nos. 12-20) (Karageorghis, 1999: 43).

Now, it is possible that an archaeologist might speculate about the village in which an artefact was made by the artefact's style; but it is completely unbelievable that Karageorghis would speculate about the specific tomb in which an artefact was put if he did not know.

(There was a similar example, from another antiquities department archaeologist, in my review of Cypriot Museums' Looted Artefacts' Acquisitions, 1961-1976.)

Furthermore, Karageorghis (1999: 17; 18; 258) felt confident enough about another 64 artefacts' find-spots to name the specific cemeteries from which they - 001-009, 064-072, 075-085, 125-155, 210-212 and 233 - "likely", "most probably", or "no doubt" came.

I did accept 'said to have been found in a tomb at Marki or Kotchati' as a find-spot for #035 (Karageorghis, 1999: 58); but Marki and Kotsiatis were neighbouring, Turkish Cypriot villages; and they formed a single Turkish Cypriot enclave during the intercommunal conflict.

Numbers

There were 257 artefacts in the 1999 catalogue, and those 257 plus 31 additional artefacts in the 2010 catalogue. All of the 288 catalogued artefacts were probably looted during the intercommunal conflict.

However, 211 (73.26%) had no information whatsoever, so we cannot know from where or, thus, by whom they were looted. Of the 77 artefacts with find-spots,

9 were from Turkish Cypriot Souskiou;
13 were from Turkish Cypriot Marki;
20 were from Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni;
31 were from ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias); and
4 were from ancient Marion (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou).

So, 42 (55.45%) were probably looted by Turkish Cypriots, 35 (45.45%) by Greek Cypriots.

Obviously, Turkish Cypriot involvement in looting was disproportional to the size of the community; but that was unsurprising, because of their economic and political plight. What has become equally unsurprising, though, is significant Greek Cypriot participation in looting.

Conclusion

Yet again, evidence contradicts politically convenient, nationalist histories of the Cyprus Conflict, and of the plundering of Cypriot cultural heritage. Even during the intercommunal conflict, there was a bicommunal illicit antiquities trade; and still now, the communities need to stand together to fight against it.

Unfortunately, this collection catalogue only confirms my conclusion in the discussion of Karageorghis's (1975) rescue excavation report on (which had previously published some of the artefacts in this collection):

Sadly..., it seems that Greek Cypriot archaeologists knew of and accepted Greek Cypriot private collectors buying Greek Cypriot-looted antiquities in the areas controlled by the Greek Cypriot administration and its police.

... [P]rivate collectors bought Greek Cypriot-looted antiquities, rather than reporting the looters to the Greek Cypriot police; and archaeologists catalogued, legalised and published the collections of illicit antiquities, rather than reporting the collectors to the Greek Cypriot police.

Bibliography

Fehlmann, M. 2007: "On the situation of cultural heritage in northern Cyprus [Beobachtungen zu kulturellen Erbe in Nordzypern]". Paper presented at the Swiss UNESCO Commission Day of Information and Exchange on Two Years of Implementation in Switzerland of the Federal Law on the International Transfer of Cultural Property [Jourée d'Information et d'Échange sur Deux Ans d'Application en Suisse de la Loi Fédérale sur le Transfer International des Biens Culturels (LTBC)], Berne, Switzerland, 30th May.

Fehlmann, M. 2008: "Cyprus: Further looting – comment". Looting Matters [weblog], 21st August. Available at: http://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2008/08/cyprus-further-looting.html?showComment=1219316580000#c1061419035593363467

Gill, D W and Chippindale, C. 1993: "Material and intellectual consequences of esteem for Cycladic figures". American Journal of Archaeology, Volume 97, Number 4, 601-659.

Gill, D W. 2008: "Cyprus and private collections". Looting Matters [weblog], 23rd August. Available at: http://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2008/08/cyprus-and-private-collections.html

Karageorghis, V. 1975: Alaas: A Protogeometric necropolis in Cyprus. Nicosia: Republic of Cyprus Department of Antiquities.

Karageorghis, V. 1999: Ancient Cypriote art in the Severis Collection. Athens: Costakis and Leto Severis Foundation.

Karageorghis, V. 2010: Ancient Cypriote art in the Leto and Costakis Severis Collection. Nicosia: the Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation and the Leventis Municipal Museum, Nicosia.

Severis, D C. 1999: "Prologue". In Karageorghis, V, (Au.). Ancient Cypriote art in the Severis Collection, 6-8. Athens: Costakis and Leto Severis Foundation.

Severis, D C. 2010: "Prologue". In Karageorghis, V, (Au.). Ancient Cypriote art in the Leto and Costakis Severis Collection, 13-14. Nicosia: the Anastasios G. Leventis Foundation and the Leventis Municipal Museum, Nicosia.

Data

(Reading the original collection catalogue was perhaps my first attempt at collecting data from antiquities catalogues. I did not write down the numbers of the pages on which I found no information.)

The Severis Collection (1999)

001: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 22)
002: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 22)
003: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 22)
004: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 22)
005: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 22)
006: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 22)
007: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 18)
008: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 18)
009: Turkish Cypriot Souskiou (Karageorghis, 1999: 18)
010: n.d., no info
011: n.d., no info
012: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 33)
013: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 33)
014: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 33)
015: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 33)
016: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 33)
017: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 33)
018: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 33)
019: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 33)
020: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 33)
021: n.d., no info
022: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 43)
023: n.d., no info
024: n.d., no info
025: n.d., no info
026: n.d., no info
027: n.d., no info
028: n.d., no info
029: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
030: Turkish Cypriot Marki-Davari (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
031: n.d., no info
032: n.d., no info
033: n.d., no info
034: n.d., no info
035 Turkish Cypriot Marki/Kotchati (Karageorghis, 1999: 58)
036: n.d., no info
037: n.d., no info
038: n.d., no info
039: n.d., no info
040: n.d., no info
041: n.d., no info
042: n.d., no info
043: n.d., no info
044: n.d., no info
045: n.d., no info
046: n.d., no info
047: n.d., no info
048: n.d., no info
049: n.d., no info
050: n.d., no info
051: n.d., no info
052: n.d., no info
053: n.d., no info
054: n.d., no info
055: n.d., no info
056: n.d., no info
057: n.d., no info
058: n.d., no info
059: n.d., no info
060: n.d., no info
061: n.d., no info
062: n.d., no info
063: n.d., no info
064: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
065: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
066: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
067: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
068: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
069: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
070: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
071: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
072: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
073: n.d., no info
074: n.d., no info
075: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
076: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
077: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
078: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
079: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
080: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
081: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
082: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
083: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
084: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
085: near Turkish Cypriot Galinoporni (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
086: n.d., no info
087: n.d., no info
088: n.d., no info
089: n.d., no info
090: n.d., no info
091: n.d., no info
092: n.d., no info
093: n.d., no info
094: n.d., no info
095: n.d., no info
096: n.d., no info
097: n.d., no info
098: n.d., no info
099: n.d., no info
100: n.d., no info
101: n.d., no info
102: n.d., no info
103: n.d., no info
104: n.d., no info
105: n.d., no info
106: n.d., no info
107: n.d., no info
108: n.d., no info
109: n.d., no info
110: n.d., no info
111: n.d., no info
112: n.d., no info
113: n.d., no info
114: n.d., no info
115: n.d., no info
116: n.d., no info
117: n.d., no info
118: n.d., no info
119: n.d., no info
120: n.d., no info
121: n.d., no info
122: n.d., no info
123: n.d., no info
124: n.d., no info
125: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
126: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
127: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
128: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
129: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
130: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
131: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
132: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
133: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
134: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
135: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
136: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
137: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
138: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
139: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
140: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
141: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
142: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
143: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
144: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
145: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
146: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
147: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
148: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
149: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
150: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
151: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
152: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
153: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
154: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
155: ancient Alaas (near modern Greek Cypriot Gastria and Greek Cypriot majority mixed Agios Theodoros-Karpasias) (Karageorghis, 1999: 17; 166); ‘bought in the village of Patriki in 1973’ (Karageorghis, 1999: 17)
156: n.d., no info
157: n.d., no info
158: n.d., no info
159: n.d., no info
160: n.d., no info
161: n.d., no info
162: n.d., no info
163: n.d., no info
164: n.d., no info
165: n.d., no info
166: n.d., no info
167: n.d., no info
168: n.d., no info
169: n.d., no info
170: n.d., no info
171: n.d., no info
172: n.d., no info
173: n.d., no info
174: n.d., no info
175: n.d., no info
176: n.d., no info
177: n.d., no info
178: n.d., no info
179: n.d., no info
180: n.d., no info
181: n.d., no info
182: n.d., no info
183: n.d., no info
184: n.d., no info
185: n.d., no info
186: n.d., no info
187: n.d., no info
188: n.d., no info
189: n.d., no info
190: n.d., no info
191: n.d., no info
192: n.d., no info
193: n.d., no info
194: n.d., no info
195: n.d., no info
196: n.d., no info
197: n.d., no info
198: n.d., no info
199: n.d., no info
200: n.d., no info
201: n.d., no info
202: n.d., no info
203: n.d., no info
204: n.d., no info
205: n.d., no info
206: n.d., no info
207: n.d., no info
208: n.d., no info
209: n.d., no info
210: ancient Marion (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou) (Karageorghis, 1999: 18; 258)
211: ancient Marion (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou) (Karageorghis, 1999: 18; 258)
212: ancient Marion (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou) (Karageorghis, 1999: 18; 258)
213: n.d., no info
214: n.d., no info
215: n.d., no info
216: n.d., no info
217: n.d., no info
218: n.d., no info
219: n.d., no info
220: n.d., no info
221: n.d., no info
222: n.d., no info
223: n.d., no info
224: n.d., no info
225: n.d., no info
226: n.d., no info
227: n.d., no info
228: n.d., no info
229: n.d., no info
230: n.d., no info
231: n.d., no info
232: n.d., no info
233: Marion (Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou) (Karageorghis, 1999: 258)
234: n.d., no info
235: n.d., no info
236: n.d., no info
237: n.d., no info
238: n.d., no info
239: n.d., no info
240: n.d., no info
241: n.d., no info
242: n.d., no info
243: n.d., no info
244: n.d., no info
245: n.d., no info
246: n.d., no info
247: n.d., no info
248: n.d., no info
249: n.d., no info
250: n.d., no info
251: n.d., no info
252: n.d., no info
253: n.d., no info
254: n.d., no info
255: n.d., no info
256: n.d., no info
257: n.d., no info

The Leto and Costakis Severis Collection (2010)

S1: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 173)
S2: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 174)
S3: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 174)
S4: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 175)
S5: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 175)
S6: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 176)
S7: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 176)
S8: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 177)
S9: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 177)
S10: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 177)
S11: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 178)
S12: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 179)
S13: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 179)
S14: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 180)
S15: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 181)
S16: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 182)
S17: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 182)
S18: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 184)
S19: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 185)
S20: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 187)
S21: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 187)
S22: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 188)
S23: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 189)
S24: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 189)
S25: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 190)
S26: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 190)
S27: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 190)
S28: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 191)
S29: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 191)
S30: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 192)
S31: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 192)

[Note inserted on the 8th of February 2011.]

Cypriot antiquities, Pierides Foundation Museum, Larnaca

2011-01-14T12:00:00.634Z

This is the second of two posts on the Pierides family's collections. Here, I review the history of the Demetrios Zeno Pierides Collection, which is now the Pierides Foundation Museum, Larnaca.

It is a very long post; but it would be far shorter if you ignored the first two sections - the introduction on the development of the Pierides Foundation Museum, and the sigh of disappointment at an example of nonsense.

Nonetheless, the find-spots and acquisition dates of antiquities in the Demetrios Zeno Pierides Collection, and its successor Pierides Foundation Museum Collection, clearly show cross-ethnic looting, as part of a bicommunal illicit antiquities trade, during the Cyprus Conflict.

The Pierides Foundation Museum

Demetrios Zeno Pierides' grandfather, Demetrios Pierides, began the family's antiquity collecting, between 1839 and 1895. One part of Demetrios Pierides' collection became the George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides Collection.

(The first) Zeno Demetrios Pierides inherited the other part of Demetrios Pierides' collection; and he continued collecting between 1895 and 1911.

Luke (or Louki) Zeno Pierides inherited the collection and added to it between 1911 and 1933. (His brother, the first) Demetrios Zeno Pierides inherited and added to it between 1933 and 1943.

(The second) Zeno Demetrios Pierides inherited and added to it between 1943 and 1967. (The second) Demetrios Zeno Pierides inherited and added to it between 1967 and 1974.

D. Z. Pierides, is a 'conscientious patriot' (Leriou, 2008: 2). Antiquities collecting is a 'family tradition', and D. Z. Pierides has 'archaeo-philia' (Leriou, 2008: 7). However, his collecting is also 'nationalist-political': he believes '[antiquities] rescue' is an 'almost sacred task' (Leriou, 2008: 7).

In 1974, D. Z. Pierides established the Pierides Foundation Museum. Later the same year, to salvage artefacts unearthed in the 'systematic looting and illicit antiquities trade' in Turkish-occupied northern Cyprus, Pierides 'intensified' his collecting (Leriou, 2008: 6).

Since the 10th of August 2000, the Museum of the Pierides Foundation has been the Pierides Archaeological Museum, Laiki Group Cultural Centre (because the Laiki Group contributed to its conservation).

Nonsense

It is (somehow, still) disappointing to hear archaeologists praising looted antiquities, particularly when the same archaeologists have shown looting's destructiveness, as Karageorghis (et al, 2002: 145; 170) did when he quietly noted that private collections had too few difficult-to-transport statues and difficult-to-conserve metals.

Yet in his publication of Demetrios Zeno Pierides' collection, then Cypriot antiquities director Vassos Karageorghis (1973: 12) argued that,

Ancient objects in private collections are certainly of much less value than those found in proper excavations, but the advantage of the former lies in the fact that they are usually complete and of good artistic quality.

Artefacts in private collections are 'usually complete and of good artistic quality' because they are usually looted to sell as art; collectors do not normally want incomplete works of art, so looters do not loot them.

There are the same numbers and proportions of complete, aesthetically-pleasing artefacts in tombs that are archaeologically-excavated as there are in tombs that are looted.

The only difference is that archaeologists carefully and scientifically document, remove and preserve all of the artefacts they find, even if they are neither complete, nor aesthetically-pleasing.

Looters clandestinely steal only the aesthetically-pleasing artefacts, and destroy, damage or discard every other artefact they find.

For example, 'dozens of tombs' in the cemetery of Frangoavgolia ('about half way' between Greek Cypriot Patriki and Turkish Cypriot Avgolida), and an associated sanctuary's rubbish dump, were looted in late 1970 (Karageorghis, 1971b: 27).

Again showing that Karageorghis must have known he was wrong in his praise of private collections of looted antiquities, he observed that,

the looters discovered accidentally a deposit of fragmentary terracotta figures which they disturbed, carrying away those which were more or less complete (Karageorghis, 1971b: 27).

Looters find just as many broken artefacts as archaeologists (or more, because they dig less carefully and break more things themselves): they just leave the aesthetically-unpleasant rubbish behind. Archaeologists study the rubbish as well, because it tells them a lot about people's lives.

Karageorghis also claimed that,

Ancient objects in private collections... can contribute to our knowledge of typological and artistic variations and developments within groups of objects, the chronology and provenance of which have already been attested by proper excavations.

Yet looting destroys the context that gives meaning to typological and artistic change. It is difficult or impossible to know of, let alone understand, economic, social or cultural change when you do not know either where or when someting was made, used and left.

A looted artefact might have been made at an earlier or later date than all excavated examples; it might have come from a different place than all excavated examples; but looting destroys the possibility of knowing that happened, let alone understanding why.

Moreover, even if it were irrelevant where and when an artefact was made, used and left, private collections do not only have "extra" or "spare" versions of scientifically-excavated artefacts.

Private collections often have unique pieces, like #25 in the Demetrios Zeno Pierides Collection, which was 'unique in its type' (1) (Karageorghis, 1962: 390); or like artefact #156 in the George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides Collection, which was 'unique in the coroplastic art of Cyprus' (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 133).

Karageorghis should have said simply, '[a]ncient objects in private collections are certainly of much less value than those found in proper excavations'.

The Pierides Foundation Collection

Unfortunately, I have not seen any inventories of the Demetrios Zeno Pierides' collection from before 1972, so it is impossible to tell how many artefacts were collected before conflict, and how many were collected during conflict, between December 1963 and June 1972.

Nonetheless, by June 1972, Demetrios Zeno Pierides had inherited and collected 2,236 antiquities (Pierides, 1973: 9).

We know that Demetrios Zeno Pierides, his mother Theodora Pierides and his sister Loukia Clerides collected approximately 964 conflict antiquities between June 1972 and June 1974, because they added 'about 800' to the Pierides Foundation Collection between 1974 and 2008, whereupon it had 'about 4,000' (Leriou, 2008: 6; 2).(2)

The Pierides Foundation Museum's conflict antiquities

In Karageorghis's (1985: 14) telling of Cypriot history, in late December 1963, 'the Turkish Cypriots had started their policy of discession [sic – secession]'.

Whole cemeteries which were in areas of [enclaved] Turkish Cypriot villages were looted and numerous antiquities were to be found on the antiquities market....

Unable to prevent enclaved Turkish Cypriots looting antiquities, or foreigners buying looted antiquities,

it was decided that it would be advantageous to pursue a policy by which Greek Cypriots were allowed to buy antiquities looted by Turkish Cypriots.

Karageorghis (1985: 14) modestly acknowledged that 'a number' of private collections of looted antiquities were established between 1963 and 1973, then legalised; it was more than 1,250 (Hadjisavvas, 2001: 135).

As part of this supposed antiquities rescue, Demetrios Z. Pierides bought lots of looted antiquities, 'in consultation with the Department of Antiquities' (Karageorghis, 1985: 14).

Furthermore,... he bought [antiquities] on the foreign markets after they had been illicitly exported from Cyprus (Karageorghis, 1985: 14).

Numbers, and problems

Unfortunately, we cannot assume that a scholarly-published artefact was a scientifically-excavated artefact.

In their publication, Karageorghis (1962: 390) was only willing to say that the 1973 inventory's #25 and #26 might have been 'found in the region of Larnaca' (3). Equally, the 1973 inventory's #34 was published, but its find-spot '[wa]s not known' (4) (Karageorghis, 1971a: 368).

In circumstances strikingly similar to the looting of Frangoavgolia in 1970, a sanctuary's rubbish dumps near Greek Cypriot Pomos had been looted in 1953. The details also bring to mind Karageorghis's observation of collectors only taking the heads of statues.

The family's collector at the time, Zeno Demetrios Pierides, had 'a significant number' of statues' heads, '[f]rom a nearby location, without further specification' (5) (Karageorghis, 1966: 342). Three of those heads are artefacts #82, #83 and #84 in the 1973 inventory.

Simultaneously, #82, #83 and #84 demonstrate that publication dates cannot be used as approximate acquisition dates, because they were published during the conflict in 1966, when they had been acquired before the conflict in 1953.

Numbers in 1973

Since Karageorghis (1973: 13) stated that artefacts with find-spots were ones Demetrios Pierides 'acquired himself during recent years' (Karageorghis, 1973: 13), we can safely assume that they were antiquities looted during the conflict (unless acquisition dates show that they were bought before or after the conflict).

So, 3 (2.94%) of the 102 catalogued artefacts were probably excavated artefacts from old archaeological digs; but 99 (97.06%) were probably looted.

Of those 99, 3 were definitely looted before the conflict, probably by Greek Cypriots; and 80 had no information whatsoever, so we must assume that they were looted before the conflict (though we know many were actually conflict antiquities).

Of the 16 probably looted during the conflict,

2 were from Turkish Cypriot majority mixed Episkopi;
3 were from Turkish Cypriot Marki;
2 were from Turkish Cypriot Kotsiatis;
2 were from Turkish Cypriot Agios Iakovos-Ammochostou;
1 was from Turkish Cypriot majority mixed Lefka;
1 was from Greek Cypriot Philia;
2 were from Greek Cypriot Kalopsida;
2 were from ancient Marion (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou); and
1 was from Greek Cypriot Mandres-Ammochostou.

So, of the 16 conflict antiquities, with find-spots, in the 1973 catalogue of the Demetrios Zeno Pierides Collection, 10 (62.50%) were probably looted by Turkish Cypriots during conflict; and 6 (37.50%) were probably looted by Greek Cypriots.

Numbers in 1985

Again, since Karageorghis (1985: 14) stated that '[w]henever it was possible' when collecting during the conflict, Demetrios Zeno Pierides would record find-spots, we can assume that the few artefacts with find-spots were probably collected during the intercommunal conflict.

All of the 282 artefacts in the 1985 catalogue were probably looted; but 265 had no information whatsoever, so we must assume that they were looted before the conflict (even though we know many were looted during it).

Of the 17 antiquities, probably looted during the conflict,

2 were from Turkish Cypriot Marki;
3 were from Turkish Cypriot Kotsiatis;
2 were from Turkish Cypriot Agios Iakovos-Ammochostou;
1 was from Turkish Cypriot majority mixed Episkopi;
1 was from Turkish Cypriot Lefka;
1 was from Greek Cypriot Philia;
2 were from Greek Cypriot Kalopsida;
1 was from ancient Kition (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Larnaca);
2 were from ancient Marion (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou);
1 was from Greek Cypriot Mandres-Ammochostou; and
1 was from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Paphos.

So, of the 17 conflict antiquities, with find-spots, in the 1985 catalogue of the Pierides Foundation Museum, 9 (52.94%) were probably looted by Turkish Cypriots during the conflict; and 8 (47.06%) by Greek Cypriots.

Conclusion

Nearly all of the artefacts in this collection were probably looted.

The catalogues have quite different numbers on the participation of the two communities in the looting: one suggested that Turkish Cypriots made up 62.50% of the looters, and Greek Cypriots 37.50%; the other suggested that Turkish Cypriots made up 52.94% of the looters, and Greek Cypriots 47.06%.

Since the numbers are from the same collection (albeit at different times), we can be confident that the difference is a false problem, created by the small sample size, which is unrepresentative of the collection.

However, that also shows that each set of numbers is unreliable in and of itself (so the true proportions of communities' participation in looting may be very different).

Nevertheless, both sets of numbers show disproportionally high Turkish Cypriot involvement in looting during the Cyprus Conflict. To some extent, this affirms the official history of looting in Cyprus.

It is unsurprising that so many Turkish Cypriot-looted artefacts were in Greek Cypriot private collections, because the Turkish Cypriot community was poor and looting to subsist, and because the Greek Cypriot professional archaeological community supported Greek Cypriot private collectors in buying Turkish Cypriot-looted antiquities.

Yet these numbers also disprove the official history of looting in Cyprus, and undermine the archaeological policy of looted antiquities' "rescue" and looted antiquities collections' legalisation.

The official history claims that Turkish Cypriots outside government control pillaged the island's cultural heritage and sold it to foreign collectors. Thus, the government allowed Greek Cypriots to salvage that plundered cultural heritage by purchasing Turkish Cypriot-looted antiquities off the local and/or international art market.

Yet nearly half of the conflict antiquities that Greek Cypriot collectors bought were Greek Cypriot-looted antiquities (when those looters could and should have been reported to the Greek Cypriot police). This may imply that collectors exploited archaeologists' poorly-thought-out policy to buy any and all of the antiquities they wanted.

Still, it may imply that archaeologists knew that the looting was bicommunal, and allowed the collectors to buy anything from anyone to prevent its illegal export. If that is true, it is evidence not only of disastrous archaeological policy-making, but also of shameless nationalist history-writing.

Comparing the evidence from these catalogues and elsewhere with the histories written (e.g. Hadjisavvas, 2001), it seems that Greek Cypriot archaeologists misled their community and the international community.

It seems that Greek Cypriot archaeologists blamed Turkish Cypriots for crimes committed by both Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots, which were funded by Greek Cypriots, who were supported by the Greek Cypriot administration.

Footnotes

'[U]nique en son genre' (Karageorghis, 1962: 390).
So, if Z. D. Pierides did not collect any antiquities between 1964 and 1967, and if D. Z. Pierides had only collected the same amount in the five years between 1967 and 1972 as he did in the two between 1972 and 1974, then there would be about 1,928 conflict antiquities in the collection; but we cannot use even such reasonable guesses.

Equally, we cannot know whether the 1972 inventory's 2,236 objects included looted artefacts collected between 1967 and 1972, or whether they tactfully excluded those looted antiquities until they could be legalised through the 1973 amnesty (in which case, 964 would be the total number of looted antiquities collected between 1967 and 1974).
'[T]rouvés dans la région de Larnaca' (Karageorghis, 1962: 390).
'[N]'est pas connue' (Karageorghis, 1971a: 368).
'[U]n nombre important'; '[d]'un endroit avoisinant,... sans plus de précision' (Karageorghis, 1966: 342).

Bibliography

Abbreviations:

AA (Archäologischer Anzeiger)
JdI (Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts)

Åström, P. 1966: Excavations at Kalopsidha and Ayios Iakovos in Cyprus. Lund: Paul Åströms Förlag.

Dikaios, P. 1933: Annual Report of the Cyprus Museum, 1933.

Hadjisavvas, S. 2001: "The destruction of the archaeological heritage of Cyprus". In Brodie, N, Doole, J and Renfrew, C, (Eds.). Trade in illicit antiquities: The destruction of the world’s archaeological heritage, 133-139. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Available at: http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/BA4D044F6081C750C2256DC90032C3EC?OpenDocument

Karageorghis, V with Boardman, J, Egetmeyer, M, Guzzo, M G A, Mango, M M, Marquié, S, Merrillees, P H, Michaelidou, L, Nicolaou, I, Papnikola-Bakirtzis, D, Pierides, D Z, Poyaiadji, E, Reyes, A T, Romiopoulou, K, Senff, R, Tassignon, I and Zapiti, E. 2002: Ancient art from Cyprus in the collection of George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides. Nicosia: Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation.

Karageorghis, V with Rizopoulou-Egoumenidou, F, Bakirtzi, D and Elliott, C. 1985: Ancient Cypriote art in the Pierides Foundation Museum. Larnaca: the Pierides Foundation.

Karageorghis, V. 1962: "Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques a Chypre en 1961". Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Volume 86, 327-414.

Karageorghis, V. 1963: "Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques a Chypre en 1961". Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Volume 87, 325-387.

Karageorghis, V. 1965: Corpus vasorum antiquorum, Cyprus: Cyprus, fascicule 2, private collections, fascicule 1 – text. Nicosia: Republic of Cyprus Department of Antiquities.

Karageorghis, V. 1966: "Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques a Chypre en 1965". Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Volume 90, 297-389.

Karageorghis, V. 1967: "Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques a Chypre en 1966". Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Volume 91, 275-370.

Karageorghis, V. 1970: "Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques a Chypre en 1969". Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Volume 94, 191-300.

Karageorghis, V. 1971a: "Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques a Chypre en 1970". Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Volume 95, 335-432.

Karageorghis, V. 1971b: "A deposit of Archaic terracotta figures from Patriki, Cyprus". Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, 1971, 27-36.

Karageorghis, V. 1973: Cypriote antiquities in the Pierides Collection, Larnaca, Cyprus. Larnaca: Pierides Foundation.

Karageorghis, V. 1999b: "The Severis Collection of Cypriote antiquities". In Karageorghis, V, (Ed.). Ancient Cypriote art in the Severis Collection, 17-18. Athens: Costakis and Leto Severis Foundation.

Karageorghis, V. 2007a: A lifetime in the archaeology of Cyprus: The memoirs of Vassos Karageorghis. Stockholm: Medelhavsmuseet.

Leriou, N. 2008: "Demetrios Pierides and the archaeology of Cyprus". 03ED375 Research Project. Available at: http://www.cypriotarch.gr/download/Demetrios.pdf

Markides, M. 1916: Annual Report of the Curator of Antiquities, 1916.

Merrillees, P H. 2002: "Cylinder seals". In Karageorghis, V with Boardman, J, Egetmeyer, M, Guzzo, M G A, Mango, M M, Marquié, S, Merrillees, P H, Michaelidou, L, Nicolaou, I, Papnikola-Bakirtzis, D, Pierides, D Z, Poyaiadji, E, Reyes, A T, Romiopoulou, K, Senff, R, Tassignon, I and Zapiti, E, (Aus.). Ancient art from Cyprus in the collection of George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides, 265-285. Nicosia: Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation.

Öhnefalsch-Richter, M. 1893: Kypros, the Bible and Homer. London: Asher and Co.

Pierides, A. 1971: "Kypriaka teletourgika aggeia [Κυπριακά τελετουργικά αγγεία (Cypriot ritual vessels)]". Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, 1971, 18-26.

Pierides, D Z. 1973: "History of the collection". In Karageorghis, V, (Au.). Cypriote antiquities in the Pierides Collection, Larnaca, Cyprus, 9-10. Larnaca: Pierides Foundation.

Pierides, D Z. 2002: "The Pierides family as archaeophiles". In Karageorghis, V, (Ed.). Ancient art from Cyprus in the Collection of George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides, 14-15. Nicosia: Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation.

Reyes, A T. 2002: "Stamp seals". In Karageorghis, V with Boardman, J, Egetmeyer, M, Guzzo, M G A, Mango, M M, Marquié, S, Merrillees, P H, Michaelidou, L, Nicolaou, I, Papnikola-Bakirtzis, D, Pierides, D Z, Poyaiadji, E, Reyes, A T, Romiopoulou, K, Senff, R, Tassignon, I and Zapiti, E, (Aus.). Ancient art from Cyprus in the collection of George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides, 286-315. Nicosia: Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation.

Data

The Demetrios Zeno Pierides Collection (1973)

1 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 98);
2 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 98);
3 ‘From Episkopi’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 98);
4 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 98);
5 ‘From Margi’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 99);
6 ‘From Kotchati’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 100);
7 ‘From Episkopi’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 100);
8 ‘From Margi’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 102);
9 ‘From Margi’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 103);
10 ‘Probably from Ayios Iakovos’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 103);
11 ‘Probably from the area of Philia’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 103);
12 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 104);
13 ‘From Kotchati’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 104);
14 ‘Probably from Ayios Iakovos’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 104);
15 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 105);
16 ‘Published by: Ohnefalsch-Richter [sic], KBH, pl. LXXV. 7’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 105);
17 ‘From Kalopsidha’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 105);
18 ‘Published by P. Aström [sic], Excavations at Kalopsidha, p. 58, Fig. 69’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 106);
19 ‘Published by P. Aström [sic], Excavations at Kalopsidha, p. 58, Fig. 69’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 106);
20 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 106);
21 ‘From Kalopsidha’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 107);
22 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 107);
23 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 107);
24 ‘Published by A. Pierides in RDAC 1971, 22, no. 6, pl. VIII. 5’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 108); 'Κυπριακόν Μουσεῖον Α908, Λάπηθος Τάφος 50, Άρ. 272 [Cyprus Museum A908, Lapithos Grave 50, Number 272].... Αδημοσίευτος [unpublished]' (Pierides, 1971: 22);
25 ‘Published by Karageorghis, BCH 86 (1962) 390 ff., figs. 89a-b’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 109); 'De la collection de Mr Zenon Pierides de Larnaca… de provenance indubitablement chypriote, et dont on peut même à bon droit supposer qu’ils ont été trouvés dans la région de Larnaca [from the Collection of Mr. Zeno Pierides of Larnaca... of indubitably Cypriot provenance, and it may well be supposed that it was found in the region of Larnaca]' (Karageorghis, 1962: 390);
26 ‘Published by V. Karageorghis, BCH 86 (1962) 362f., fig. 90’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 109); see note for #25;
27 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 110);
28 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 110);
29 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 111);
30 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 111);
31 ‘Published by F. W. Gœthert, AA 1934, 113, fig. 21’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 111);
32 ‘Published by V. Karageorghis, BCH 87 (1963) 361, fig. 55’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 112);
33 ‘Published by V. Karageorghis, BCH 87 (1963) 362, figs. 57a-b’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 113): ‘Pyxis d’époque géométrique de la collection Zeno Pierides’ (Karageorghis, 1963: 362 – fig. 57a; 57b);
34 ‘Published by V. Karageorghis, BCH 95 (1971) 368ff., fig. 76’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 114); 'La provenance du vase n’est pas connue [the provenance of the vase is not known]' (Karageorghis, 1971a: 368);
35 ‘Published by F. W. Gœthert, AA 1934, 115, fig. 28’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 115);
36 ‘Published by H.-G. Buchholz, JdI 83 (1968) 87f., fig. 16d-e’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 116);
37 ‘From Lefka’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 116);
38 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 117);
39 ‘Published by V. Karageorghis, BCH 87 (1963) 362f., fig. 58’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 118);
40 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 119);
41 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 120);
42 ‘Published by F. W. Gœthert, AA 1934, 114, fig. 23’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 120);
43 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 121);
44 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 121);
45 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 122);
46 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 123);
47 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 123);
48 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 124);
49 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 124);
50 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 125);
51 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 125);
52 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 126);
53 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 126);
54 ‘Published by F. W. Gœthert, AA 1934, 115, fig. 26’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 127);
55 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 127);
56 ‘Published by F. W. Gœthert, AA 1934, 115, fig. 25’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 128);
57 ‘Published by F. W. Gœthert, AA 1934, 115, fig. 26’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 129);
58 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 129);
59 ‘Provenance: probably Marion’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 129);
60 ‘Provenance: Marion’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 130);
61 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 131);
62 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 131);
63 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 131);
64 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 132);
65 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 132);
66 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 132);
67 ‘Published by F. W. Gœthert, AA 1934, 118, fig. 29’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 133);
68 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 134);
69 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 135);
70 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 136);
71 ‘Published by V. Karageorghis, BCH 83 (1959 [sic – 1960]) 277ff., fig. 56a-b’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 136);
73 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 138);
74 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 138);
75 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 138);
76 ‘Published by V. Karageorghis, BCH 91 (1967) 312f., fig. 100’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 139);
77 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 139);
78 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 139);
79 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 140);
80 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 140);
81 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 141);
82 ‘Published by V. Karageorghis, BCH 90 (1966) 341f., fig. 100’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 141); ‘En 1953, le Service des Antiquités avait ramené au jour des figurines de terre cuite..., provenant des bothroi d’un sanctuaire qui se trouvait près du village de Pomos dans la région de Paphos. D’un endroit avoisinant,... sans plus de précision..., provient un nombre important de têtes de terre cuite, actuellement en la possession de Mr Zenon Pierides [In 1953, the Antiquities Department had brought to light terracotta figurines..., from the bothroi of a sanctuary that was near the village of Pomos in the region of Paphos. From a nearby location, without further specification..., comes a significant number of terracotta heads, now in the possession of Mr. Zenon Pierides]’ (Karageorghis, 1966: 342);
83 ‘Published by V. Karageorghis, BCH 90 (1966) 141f., fig. 101’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 142); see note for #82;
84 ‘Published by V. Karageorghis, BCH 90 (1966) 341f., fig. 102’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 142); see note for #82;
85 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 143);
86 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 143);
87 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 144);
88 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 144);
89 ‘Provenance: Paphos District. [line break] Published by V. Karageorghis, BCH 87 (1963) 362f., fig. 59’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 144); 'Cette statue est considérée comme venant de la région de Paphos [this statue is considered to come from the region of Paphos]' (Karageorghis, 1963: 362);
90 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 145);
91 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 145);
92 ‘Provenance: a looted sanctuary near the village of Mandres, Famagusta District. [end of 145, start of 146] [line break] Published by V. Karageorghis, BCH 94 (1970) 234f., fig. 88’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 145-146);
93 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 146);
94 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 146);
95 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 147);
96 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 147);
97 ‘Published by F. W. Gœthert, AA 1934, 115, fig. 27’ (Karageorghis, 1973: 147);
98 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 148);
99 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 148);
100 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 148);
101 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 149);
102 no info (Karageorghis, 1973: 149)

The Pierides Foundation Museum (1985)

1: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 42)
2: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 42)
3: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 42)
4: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 42)
5: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 44)
6: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 44)
7: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 46); N.B. ‘largest Chalcolithic terracotta figure discovered so far in Cyprus’
8: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 48)
9: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 48)
10: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 50)
11: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 50)
12: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 50)
13: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 50)
14: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 52)
15: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 52)
16: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 52)
17: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 52)
18: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 52)
19: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 54)
20: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 54)
21: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 56)
22: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 58)
23: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 58)
24: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 60)
25: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 60)
26: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 60)
27: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 60)
28: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 62)
29: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 62)
30: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 62)
31: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 64)
32: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 64)
33: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 64)
34: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 64)
35: ‘From Margi’, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 66)
36: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 68)
37: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 70)
38: ‘Probably from Kotchati’ (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 72)
39: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 74)
40: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 74)
41: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 74)
42: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 76)
43: ‘From Kotchati’ (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 76)
44: ‘From Margi’, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 78)
45: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 80)
46: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 80)
47: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 82)
48: ‘Probably from the Philia region’ (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 82)
49: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 82)
50: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 84)
51: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 84)
52: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 86)
53: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 86)
54: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 86)
55: ‘From Kotchati’ (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 86)
56: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 88)
57: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 88)
58: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 90)
59: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 90)
60: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 92)
61: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 92)
62: ‘Probably from Ayios Iakovos’, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 92)
63: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 94)
64: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 94)
65: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 96)
66: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 96)
67: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 98)
68: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 98)
69: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 100)
70: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 102)
71: ‘From Episkopi’ (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 102)
72: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 104)
73: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 104)
74: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 104)
75: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 104)
76: ‘From Kalopsidha’, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 106)
77: ‘From Kalopsidha’, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 106)
78: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 106)
79: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 108)
80: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 108)
81: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 108)
82: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 110)
83: ‘Probably from Ayios Iakovos’, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 110)
84: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 110)
85: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 110)
86: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 112)
87: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 112)
88: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 112)
89: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 114)
90: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 114)
91: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 116)
92: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 116)
93: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 118)
94: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 118)
95: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 120)
96: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 120)
97: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 120)
98: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 120)
99: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 122)
100: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 122)
101: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 122)
102: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 124)
103: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 124)
104: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 124)
105: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 126)
106: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 126)
107: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 126)
108: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 128)
109: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 128)
110: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 128)
111: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 128)
112: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 130)
113: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 130)
114: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 130)
115: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 130)
116: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 132)
117: ‘From Kition’, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 132)
118: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 132)
119: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 132)
120: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 134)
121: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 134)
122: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 134)
123: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 136)
124: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 138)
125: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 138)
126: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 138)
127: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 138)
128: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 140)
129: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 142)
130: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 142)
131: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 144)
132: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 146)
133: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 146)
134: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 146)
135: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 148)
136: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 150)
137: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 150)
138: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 150)
139: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 150)
140: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 152)
141: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 152)
142: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 154)
143: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 154)
144: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 156)
145: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 156)
146: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 158)
147: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 158)
148: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 158)
149: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 160)
150: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 160)
151: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 160)
152: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 160)
153: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 162)
154: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 164)
155: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 164)
156: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 164)
157: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 166)
158: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 166)
159: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 168)
160: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 170)
161: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 170)
162: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 172)
163: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 172)
164: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 172)
165: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 174)
166: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 176)
167: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 178)
168: ‘From Lefka’ (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 178)
169: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 178)
170: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 180)
171: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 182)
172: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 182)
173: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 182)
174: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 184)
175: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 184)
176: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 184)
177: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 184)
178: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 186)
179: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 188)
180: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 190)
181: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 190)
182: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 190)
183: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 190)
184: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 192)
185: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 192)
186: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 192)
187: ‘Perhaps from Marion’, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 194)
188: ‘From Marion, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 194)
189: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 196)
190: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 196)
191: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 196)
192: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 198)
193: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 198)
194: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 198)
195: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 200)
196: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 202)
197: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 202)
198: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 202)
199: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 204)
200: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 204)
201: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 206)
202: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 206)
203: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 206)
204: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 206)
205: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 208)
206: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 208)
207: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 208)
208: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 208)
209: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 210)
210: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 210)
211: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 212)
212: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 212)
213: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 214)
214: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 216)
215: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 216)
216: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 218)
217: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 218)
218: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 218)
219: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 220)
220: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 220)
221: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 220)
222: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 220)
223: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 222)
224: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 222)
225: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 224)
226: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 224)
227: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 226)
228: ‘Provenance: a looted sanctuary near the village of Mandres, Famagusta District’, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 228)
229: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 228)
230: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 230)
231: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 230)
232: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 232)
233: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 232)
234: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 234)
235: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 234)
236: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 236)
237: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 236)
238: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 238)
239: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 238)
240: ‘From the Paphos region’, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 240)
241: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 242)
242: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 242)
243: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 242)
244: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 244)
245: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 246)
246: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 246)
247: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 246)
248: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 248)
249: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 250)
250: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 250)
251: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 252)
252: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 252)
253: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 252)
254: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 254)
255: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 254)
256: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 256)
257: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 256)
258: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 258)
259: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 258)
260: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 260)
261: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 262)
262: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 262)
263: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 264)
264: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 264)
265: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 264)
266: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 264)
267: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 266)
268: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 266)
269: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 266)
270: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 268)
271: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 270)
272: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 270)
273: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 270)
274: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 270)
275: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 272)
276: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 272)
277: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 274)
278: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 274)
279: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 274)
280: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 274)
281: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 276)
282: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 1985: 276)

Cypriot antiquities, George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides Collection

2011-01-13T12:00:00.025Z

This is the first of two posts on the Pierides family's collections. Here, I review the history of the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation's George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides Collection. I show the source of its Cypriot antiquities - nineteenth-century looting - but there is too little information to say anything else.

The origins of the Pierides family's collections

The Pierides family are an 'old nationalist Cypriot family' (Leriou, 2008: 2). At some time, every collecting family member held diplomatic office for the UK, the USA, Sweden, Germany, or Austria (Pierides, 1973: 9-10).

Apart from the second Demetrios Zeno Pierides, every collector also held political office as a Member of Parliament of Cyprus (under British rule) (ibid.).

The founder of the Pierides Foundation Museum, Demetrios Zeno Pierides, said that early Cypriot antiquarians 'preserved on their own soil a large number of cultural treasures of Cyprus' to prevent 'foreign collectors and looters' illegally exporting Cypriot antiquities (Pierides, 2002: 15; 1973: 9).

Demetrios Pierides collected antiquities between 1839 and 1895; then his collection was split in two (and it now forms two private museum collections).

The George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides Collection

Gabriel (or Kyprael, or Giabra) Pierides inherited one part of Demetrios Pierides' collection; and he continued collecting between 1895 and 1928. George Giabra Pierides cared for the collection between 1928 and 1995 (but he did not collect any antiquities).

Daughter Clio Triantafyllides and her husband, Bank of Cyprus Chairman Solon A. Triantafyllides cared for the collection between 1995 and 1999 (but they did not collect any antiquities).

In 1999, the Triantafyllides established the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides Collection (of antiquities collected between 1839 and 1928).

Based upon a catalogue number in another publication of artefacts from George Giabra Pierides' collection, it has at least 874 objects (Karageorghis, 1965: 8 - Plate 14, Figs. 1-2); but only 444 were published in this book.

The collecting process

Karageorghis (et al, 2002: 17) acknowledged that it was 'quite possible' that 'many' artefacts had been 'acquired' (looted) from cemeteries in and around Larnaca (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 17); and that others had been taken from the 'looted' cemeteries of Enkomi, Hala Sultan Tekke and/or Kition (ibid.: 46).

Karageorghis observed imbalances in the material in private collections, which could distort historical understanding: for example, there were 'very few' bronzes, because collectors 'usually' did not want objects that decayed easily (ibid.: 170).

He may have been exposing unscientific collecting, or active destruction, when he noted that there were 'few' complete statues, because 'most' collectors only wanted the easily-transportable heads (ibid.: 145).

Academic access

Vassos Karageorghis was 'the only archaeologist who ha[d] had access' to the George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides Collection between the early 1950s and its display in the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation in 1999 (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 11).

Karageorghis knew Nefeli Pierides from his home village, Trikomo; and she introduced him to the Pierides family. With his wife, Jacqueline Karageorghis, Vassos Karageorghis wrote his first Pierides collection catalogue in 1952 (ibid.).

Findings

All of the 444 artefacts published from this collection were probably looted antiquities, from between 1839 and 1895. Of them, 443 (99.77%) had no information whatsoever.

[Marc Fehlmann found 98.6% in a comment on Looting Matters. David Gill then discussed Fehlmann's comment in a blog post on Cyprus and Private Collections.]

The other 1 had probably been looted from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Larnaca Kamelarga. (1 from 444 is a meaninglessly small sample, but I will add it to any complete study.)

At least, in this case, none of the looted antiquities was a conflict antiquity. These artefacts' collection was culturally destructive; but it was not politically harmful, and it did not have the same human cost as conflict antiquity collecting. Unfortunately, the Pierides Foundation Collection was very different.

Bibliography

Fehlmann, M. 2008: "Cyprus: Further looting – comment". Looting Matters [weblog], 21st August. Available at: http://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2008/08/cyprus-further-looting.html?showComment=1219316580000#c1061419035593363467

Gill, D W. 2008: "Cyprus and private collections". Looting Matters [weblog], 23rd August. Available at: http://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2008/08/cyprus-and-private-collections.html

Karageorghis, V. 1965: Corpus vasorum antiquorum, Cyprus: Cyprus, fascicule 2, private collections, fascicule 1 – text. Nicosia: Republic of Cyprus Department of Antiquities.

Karageorghis, V with Boardman, J, Egetmeyer, M, Guzzo, M G A, Mango, M M, Marquié, S, Merrillees, P H, Michaelidou, L, Nicolaou, I, Papnikola-Bakirtzis, D, Pierides, D Z, Poyaiadji, E, Reyes, A T, Romiopoulou, K, Senff, R, Tassignon, I and Zapiti, E. 2002: Ancient art from Cyprus in the collection of George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides. Nicosia: Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation.

Leriou, N. 2008: "Demetrios Pierides and the archaeology of Cyprus". 03ED375 Research Project. Available at: http://www.cypriotarch.gr/download/Demetrios.pdf

Merrillees, P H. 2002: "Cylinder seals". In Karageorghis, V with Boardman, J, Egetmeyer, M, Guzzo, M G A, Mango, M M, Marquié, S, Merrillees, P H, Michaelidou, L, Nicolaou, I, Papnikola-Bakirtzis, D, Pierides, D Z, Poyaiadji, E, Reyes, A T, Romiopoulou, K, Senff, R, Tassignon, I and Zapiti, E, (Aus.). Ancient art from Cyprus in the collection of George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides, 265-285. Nicosia: Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation.

Pierides, D Z. 1973: "History of the collection". In Karageorghis, V, (Au.). Cypriote antiquities in the Pierides Collection, Larnaca, Cyprus, 9-10. Larnaca: Pierides Foundation.

Pierides, D Z. 2002: "The Pierides family as archaeophiles". In Karageorghis, V, (Ed.). Ancient art from Cyprus in the Collection of George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides, 14-15. Nicosia: Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation.

Reyes, A T. 2002: "Stamp seals". In Karageorghis, V with Boardman, J, Egetmeyer, M, Guzzo, M G A, Mango, M M, Marquié, S, Merrillees, P H, Michaelidou, L, Nicolaou, I, Papnikola-Bakirtzis, D, Pierides, D Z, Poyaiadji, E, Reyes, A T, Romiopoulou, K, Senff, R, Tassignon, I and Zapiti, E, (Aus.). Ancient art from Cyprus in the collection of George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides, 286-315. Nicosia: Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation.

Data

The George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides Collection

001: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 18)
002: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 19)
003: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 19)
004: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 21)
005: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 21)
006: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 21)
007: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 21)
008: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 22)
009: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 22)
010: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 23)
011: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 23)
012: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 23)
013: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 25)
014: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 25)
015: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 26)
016: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 28)
017: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 28)
018: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 29)
019: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 29)
020: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 29)
021: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 30)
022: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 30)
023: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 30)
024: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 31)
025: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 31)
026: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 31)
027: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 34)
028: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 34)
029: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 34)
030: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 34)
031: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 35)
032: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 35)
033: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 36)
034: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 36)
035: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 36)
036: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 37)
037: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 37)
038: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 37)
039: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 38)
040: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 38)
041: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 38)
042: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 38)
043: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 40)
044: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 40)
045: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 41)
046: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 42)
047: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 42)
048: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 43)
049: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 44)
050: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 44-45)
051: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 45)
052: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002:45)
053: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 50)
054: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 52)
055: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 54)
056: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 55)
057: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 56)
058: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 57)
059: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 58)
060: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 59)
061: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 59)
062: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 60)
063: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 60-61)
064: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 62)
065: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 63)
066: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 64)
067: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 64)
068: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 65)
069: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 65)
070: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 67)
071: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 67)
072: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 68)
073: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 69)
074: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 69)
075: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 72)
076: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 73)
077: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 73)
078: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 73)
079: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 75)
080: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 75)
081: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 75)
082: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 75)
083: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 76)
084: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 76)
085: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 76)
086: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 77)
087: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 78)
088: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 79)
089: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 79)
090: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 80)
091: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 80)
092: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 82)
093: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 83)
094: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 85)
095: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 85)
096: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 86)
097: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 87)
098: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 87)
099: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 88)
100: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 88)
101: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 89)
102: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 89)
103: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 90)
104: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 90)
105: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 90)
106: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 91)
107: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 91)
108: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 91)
109: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 92)
110: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 92)
111: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 93)
112: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 94)
113: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 96)
114: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 98)
115: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 98)
116: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 99)
117: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 100)
118: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 101)
119: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 103)
120: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 103)
121: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 104)
122: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 105)
123: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 105)
124: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 106)
125: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 107)
126: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 108)
127: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 108)
128: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 109)
129: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 109)
130: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 110)
131: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 111)
132: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 111)
133: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 113)
134: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 114)
135: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 115)
136: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 116)
137: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 118)
138: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 119)
139: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 120)
140: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 120-121)
141: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 122)
142: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 123)
143: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 123)
144: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 124)
145: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 124)
146: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 126)
147: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 126)
148: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 127)
149: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 128)
150: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 128)
151: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 128)
152: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 128)
153: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 129)
154: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 131)
155: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 132)
156: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 132-133); ‘This type of chariot model is unique in the coroplastic art of Cyprus’ (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 133)
157: by catalogue, no info, n.d., as only ‘Kamelarga style’ noted (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 134); but ‘They were found at the sanctuary site of Kamelarga in Larnaca (Kition)’ (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 130) [GC maj mix]
158: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 134)
159: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 134-135)
160: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 135)
161: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 135)
162: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 135)
163: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 136)
164: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 136)
165: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 136)
166: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 137)
167: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 137)
168: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 137)
169: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 138)
170: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 138)
171: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 138)
172: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 138)
173: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 139)
174: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 139)
175: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 139)
176: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 140)
177: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 140)
178: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 140)
179: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 141)
180: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 142)
181: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 143)
182: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 143)
183: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 144)
184: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 144)
185: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 146)
186: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 148)
187: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 149)
188: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 149)
189: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 150)
190: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 150)
191: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 150-153)
192: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 154-155)
193: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 155)
194: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 156)
195: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 156)
196: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 156-157)
197: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 157)
198: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 158)
199: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 158)
200: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 159)
201: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 159)
202: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 160)
203: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 160)
204: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 160)
205: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 163)
206: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 163)
207: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 163)
208: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 164)
209: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 164)
210: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 165)
211: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 167)
212: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 167)
213: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 167)
214: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 168)
215: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 168)
216: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 168)
217: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 169)
218: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 170)
219: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 170)
220: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 172)
221: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 173)
222: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 173)
223: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 174)
224: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 174)
225: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 174)
226: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 174)
227: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 174)
228: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 175)
229: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 177)
230: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 177)
231: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 179)
232: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 179)
233: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 180)
234: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 180)
235: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 181)
236: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 181)
237: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 182)
238: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 182)
239: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 183)
240: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 183)
241: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 184)
242: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 184)
243: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 184)
244: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 184-185)
245: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 185)
246: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 186-187)
247: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 186-187)
248: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 188)
249: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 188)
250: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 189)
251: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 190)
252: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 191)
253: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 192)
254: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 193)
255: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 194)
256: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 194)
257: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 195)
258: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 195)
259: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 197)
260: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 200)
261: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 200)
262: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 201)
263: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 202)
264: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 203)
265: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 204)
266: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 205-207)
267: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 207)
268: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 208)
269: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 208)
270: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 208)
271: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 209)
272: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 210)
273: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 210)
274: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 211)
275: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 212)
276: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 213)
277: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 214)
278: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 214)
279: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 215)
280: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 216)
281: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 216)
282: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 216)
283: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 218)
284: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 219)
285: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 220)
286: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 221)
287: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 222)
288: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 222)
289: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 222)
290: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 224)
291: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 224)
292: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 224-225)
293: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 226)
294: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 226)
295: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 227)
296: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 227)
297: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 227)
298: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 227)
299: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 227)
300: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 228)
301: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 228)
302: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 229)
303: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 229)
304: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 229)
305: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 230)
306: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 230)
307: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 231)
308: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 231)
309: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 231)
310: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 232)
311: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 233)
312: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 233)
313: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 234)
314: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 234)
315: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 235)
316: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 235)
317: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 235)
318: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 235)
319: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 236)
320: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 236)
321: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 237)
322: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 237)
323: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 237)
324: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 237)
325: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 240)
326: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 240)
327: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 240)
328: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 242)
329: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 242)
330: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 242)
331: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 244)
332: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 244)
333: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 246)
334: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002:247)
335: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 248)
336: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 248-249)
337: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 250)
338: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 252)
339: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 252)
340: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 252)
341: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 255)
342: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 255)
343: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 255)
344: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 256)
345: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 256)
346: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 257)
347: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 258)
348: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 259)
349: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 260)
350: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 260)
350A: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 261)
350B: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 261)
351: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 262)
352: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 262)
353: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 262)
354: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 263)
355: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 264)
356: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 269); [N.B.: of artefacts 356-369, ‘None of the cylinders has a provenance and no information is available on how, when or where they were acquired by their former owner(s). Nor can it be assumed that they were all originally found in Cyprus as circumstantial evidence, especially the date of the earliest seals and their lack of parallels with authenticated find spots in the island, suggests otherwise’ (P. H. Merrillees, 2002: 265n1)]
357: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 270-271); see note with #356
358: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 272); see note with #356
359: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 272-273); see note with #356
360: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 274-275); see note with #356
361: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 275-277); see note with #356
362: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 277-278); see note with #356
363: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 279); see note with #356
364: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 280); see note with #356
365: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 281-282); see note with #356
366: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 282-283); see note with #356
367: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 283); see note with #356
368: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 284); see note with #356
369: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 285); see note with #356
370: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 287); [N.B.: of artefacts 370-416, ‘None of the seals has a precise provenance, however, nor has any been recovered through controlled excavation’, possibility entered Cyprus through ‘ancient or modern traffic’ (Reyes, 2002: 286)]
371: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 288); see note with #370
372: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 288); see note with #370
373: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 289); see note with #370
374: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 289); see note with #370
375: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 289); see note with #370
376: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 290); see note with #370
377: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 291); see note with #370
378: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 293); see note with #370
379: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 293); see note with #370
380: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 293); see note with #370
381: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 294); see note with #370
382: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 294); see note with #370
383: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 295); see note with #370
384: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 295); see note with #370
385: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 295); see note with #370
386: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 296); see note with #370
387: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 296); see note with #370
388: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 297); see note with #370
389: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 297); see note with #370
390: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 297); see note with #370
391: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 298); see note with #370
392: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 298); see note with #370
393: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 298); see note with #370
394: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 299); see note with #370
395: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 300); see note with #370
396: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 301); see note with #370
397: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 302); see note with #370
398: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 303); see note with #370
399: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 303); see note with #370
400: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 304); see note with #370
401: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 304); see note with #370
402: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 305); see note with #370
403: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 306); see note with #370
404: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 307); see note with #370
405: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 307); see note with #370
406: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 308); see note with #370
407: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 308-309); see note with #370
408: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 309); see note with #370
409: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 309); see note with #370
410: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 310); see note with #370
411: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 311); see note with #370
412: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 312); see note with #370
413: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 312); see note with #370
414: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 313); see note with #370
415: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 314); see note with #370
416: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 315); see note with #370
417: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 317)
418: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 317)
419: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 317)
420: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 318)
421: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 318)
422: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 318)
423: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 318)
424: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 319)
425: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 319)
426: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 320)
427: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 320)
428: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 320)
429: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 321)
430: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 322)
431: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 322)
432: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 323)
433: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 323)
434: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 324)
435: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 324)
436: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 325)
437: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 325)
438: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 326)
439: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 326)
440: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 327)
441: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 327)
442: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis et al, 2002: 32)

[Note inserted on the 8th of February 2011.]

Phylactou Collection, Cypriot antiquities; British colonial failure

2011-01-12T06:00:00.002Z

Last year, Vassos Karageorghis published the Cypriote Antiquities in the Phylactou Collection. None of them had any information, so all of them were probably looted (before the Cyprus Conflict).

However, the catalogue did have some information relevant to this research; and the existence of the collection implies a failure in British colonial administration.

Legal antiquities collecting

The Phylactou Collection was formed while the British colonial administration still made private collecting easy, between 1935 and 1944 (when the collector died).

As I detailed in my previous blog post on Cypriot antiquities law on looted antiquities and private collections, from 1935 onwards, legally-collected Cypriot antiquities would have government receipts and licences, which would record artefacts' find-spots and acquisition dates.

Even old collections of illicit antiquities would have government licences from the illicit antiquities amnesties of 1905 or 1935. So, more recent antiquities/collections, without find-spots or acquisition dates, or government licences, were very probably looted.

Furthermore (supposedly), according to Article 14, Paragraph 2 of the 1935 Antiquities Law, anyone who dealt or bought antiquities that they knew (or had reasonable suspicion) had been illegally excavated, would lose those antiquities, and could be fined and/or imprisoned.

The history of the Phylactou Collection

Phylactou explained that his grandfather had learned his love of antiquities from foreign antiquarians. As I have said before, these antiquities collectors had good intentions. I do not examine their collections because I want to criticise them, but because I want to help them, their community and their country to protect their cultural heritage.

Only grandson Chris Phylactou (or Christos Phylactou) published his part of the original Phylactou Collection in this book. His schoolfriend, archaeologist Vassos Karageorghis, wrote it.

Phylactou's share was the smallest of three shares of his grandfather's 'considerable' collection; and 'part' of his share was 'lost' in occupied Bellapais, a '"casualty" of the 1974 Turkish invasion' (Phylactou, 2010: 13).(1)

Karageorghis (2010: 105) also noted that the publication contained 'few [14]' of the 'many glass vessels' in the Phylactou Collection, though it was 'not certain that they were found in Cyprus'.

So, even this smallest share of the original Phylactou collection must have been significantly larger than the 150 catalogued artefacts. To understand the impact this collection must have made upon the archaeological record, it is helpful to guesstimate a reasonable minimum size.

Since 150 artefacts were published from the smallest of three shares, the original, complete Phylactou Collection must have been at least more than 450 antiquities.

Remembering the losses in Bellapais and the exclusion of '[un]interesting' glassware from this share (Karageorghis, 2010: 121), and the larger size of the other two shares (Phylactou, 2010: 13), the original, complete Phylactou Collection may realistically have had 750 antiquities (shared out into 200, 250 and 300), or even 1,000 or more (e.g. 225, 350 and 425).

The sources of the Phylactou Collection

The Phylactou Collection would have had at least two sets of receipts for each chance find, and receipts and a scholarly publication for each excavated artefact; and all artefacts would have had find-spots and acquisition dates. Yet none of the antiquities in the published part of the Phylactou Collection has any information.

Indeed, more than a third of the published artefacts (#1-#62) 'must have been found in tombs' (Karageorghis, 2010: 19), so they cannot have been chance finds; and they cannot have been excavated artefacts, because 'there is no information about their exact provenance' (ibid.).

However, nothing was done about it. That is evidence of a historic failure in British colonial administration.

Footnotes

Working overseas, grandson Chris Phylactou (2010: 13) also collected a 'few' Cypriot antiquities from 'open markets abroad'; but they were not counted or published as part of his grandfather's collection.

Bibliography

Karageorghis, V. 2010: Cypriote antiquities in the Phylactou Collection. Nicosia: the A. G. Leventis Foundation and the Leventis Municipal Museum, Nicosia.

Phylactou, C. 2010: "Prologue". In Karageorghis, V, (Au.). Cypriote antiquities in the Phylactou Collection, 13. Nicosia: the A. G. Leventis Foundation and the Leventis Municipal Museum, Nicosia.

Data

1: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 20)
2: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 21)
3: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 22)
4: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 22)
5: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 23)
6: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 23)
7: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 24)
8: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 25)
9: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 25)
10: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 26)
11: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 27)
12: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 27)
13: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 28)
14: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 30)
15: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 31)
16: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 32)
17: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 32)
18: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 32)
19: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 33)
20: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 33)
21: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 33)
22: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 34)
23: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 34)
24: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 35)
25: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 36)
26: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 36)
27: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 37)
28: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 38)
29: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 39)
30: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 39)
31: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 39)
32: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 40)
33: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 42)
34: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 42)
35: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 43)
36: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 44)
37: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 45)
38: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 46)
39: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 46)
40: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 47)
41: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 48)
42: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 50)
43: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 51)
44: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 51)
45: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 52)
46: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 53)
47: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 54)
48: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 55)
49: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 56)
50: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 57)
51: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 58)
52: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 59)
53: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 60)
54: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 61)
55: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 63)
56: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 64)
57: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 64)
58: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 65)
59: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 66)
60: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 68)
61: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 68)
62: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 69)
63: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 72)
64: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 72)
65: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 72)
66: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 73)
67: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 73)
68: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 74)
69: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 74)
70: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 74)
71: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 75)
72: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 76)
73: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 77)
74: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 78)
75: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 78)
76: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 78)
77: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 79)
78: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 80)
79: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 80)
80: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 80)
81: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 81)
82: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 82)
83: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 84)
84: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 85)
85: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 85)
86: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 85)
87: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 85)
88: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 86)
89: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 87)
90: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 87)
91: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 88)
92: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 88)
93: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 88)
94: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 88)
95: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 89)
96: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 90)
97: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 91)
98: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 91)
99: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 92)
100: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 94)
101: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 94)
102: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 94)
103: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 94)
104: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 95)
105: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 96)
106: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 97)
107: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 98)
108: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 100)
109: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 101)
110: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 102)
111: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 106)
112: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 106)
113: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 107)
114: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 108)
115: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 109)
116: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 109)
117: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 109)
118: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 110)
119: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 110)
120: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 112)
121: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 112)
122: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 112)
123: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 113)
124: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 113)
125: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 113)
126: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 113)
127: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 114)
128: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 115)
129: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 115)
130: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 116)
131: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 118)
132: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 118)
133: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 118)
134: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 119)
135: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 119)
136: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 120)
137: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 122)
138: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 122)
139: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 122)
140: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 122)
141: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 123)
142: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 123)
143: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 123)
144: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 124)
145: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 124)
146: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 124)
147: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 124)
148: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 125)
149: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 125)
150: no info, n.d. (Karageorghis, 2010: 125)

Cypriot antiquities law on looted artefacts and private collections

2011-01-11T12:00:00.006Z

Recently, I have been discussing Cypriot antiquities law (on looted artefacts and private collections), here on Cultural Heritage in Conflict, and with archaeologist Paul Barford, and collector Peter Tompa.

Since I am working up the data from the publication of the Cypriote Antiquities in the Phylactou Collection, I thought its official presentation of antiquities policy would be a good introduction.

Now, I will only discuss British and Cypriot antiquities law(s); and I will only discuss the laws themselves, not archaeologists' and collectors' behaviour under them. Despite that, it is still a loser-length blog post, more for me to be able to cite than for readers to suffer.

The Antiquities Law of 1905

Unfortunately, I have not been able to find a complete copy of the Antiquities Law of 1905 (or a comprehensive review of it).(1) It is not even on the Cypriot antiquities department's webpage for legislation (νομοθεσία).

As detailed in Kyriakos Tsiolakis's (1997 [1981]: 22-24) MEng thesis (PDF), under the British Empire's first, 1905 Antiquities Law in Cyprus,

when the British colonial administration or the semi-governmental Cyprus Museum found archaeological artefacts on public land,
- the colonial administration/Cyprus Museum kept all finds;
when others found artefacts on public land,
- the administration/museum kept two-thirds of the finds; and
- the finders kept one-third; and
when others found artefacts on private land,
- the administration/museum kept one-third of the finds,
- the finders kept a third, and
- the landowners kept a third.

When the law was introduced, there was an amnesty on existing collections of illicit antiquities. As noted in Alexis Ainsworth's (2008: 13) paper on [American] Import Restrictions on Coins, the 1905 law 'require[d] all private collectors to register their collections with the government'.

It is unclear whether private collectors had to keep place-and-date records, or whether they only had to keep "art historical" descriptions of their collections. Nonetheless, they had to register their collections with the government, so private collectors should have had government licences for their licit antiquities.

Yet the 1905 law did not effectively punish law-breakers, so antiquarians could continue to loot antiquities (or to buy looted antiquities, thus to fund their looting).

Illicit excavations' finds in public collections

Even antiquities from illicit excavations (like British Vice-Consul Robert Hamilton Lang's unlicensed excavations under Ottoman rule) would have had acquisition dates and find-spots; furthermore, there were "only" thousands of them (c.f. Goring, 1988: 9).

Exceptionally, U.S. Consul Luigi Palma di Cesnola's barely-licensed excavations, completely illegal digs, and illicit antiquities collecting, produced tens of thousands of artefacts (c.f. Swiny, 1991: 4-5); but again, many of them would have had records of dates and places.

Furthermore, Lang's, Cesnola's and others' illicit excavations' artefacts normally ended up in museums (like the British Museum, the (French) Louvre and the (American) Metropolitan). Obviously, they will be counted in any comprehensive survey; but the important point here is that they were not in private collections, or on the art market.

So, private collectors cannot seriously claim that a significant number of their antiquities came from historic chance finds, looting, or even illicit excavations before the 1905 amnesty (or the 1935 one).

The Antiquities Law of 31st December 1935

The former Director of the Department of Antiquities of the Republic of Cyprus, Vassos Karageorghis (2010: 9), stated that,

The Phylactou Collection... was formed at a time when private collectors could collect antiquities, something that was [still] allowed by the provisions of the Antiquities Law of 1935.

Under the 1935 Antiquities Law,

(accidental) finders of antiquities
- had to report those chance finds to the mukhtar (local community leader), or to a museum curator, whereupon the finder and the government antiquities director would be given receipts (PDF; Article 4);
- then either the Cypriot antiquities department would buy the antiquities, or the finder would have a receipt and could sell those government-licensed antiquities (Article 5);
government-licensed archaeologists
- could excavate (Article 14; see also Article 15), and
- had to publish any excavations (Article 16);
- then they would be given about half of the finds of the excavations (Article 16), which they could sell; and
the Department of Antiquities
- could sell its antiquities if they were 'not required' (Article 29).

So, there was (still) a (better) government-controlled supply of government-licensed antiquities to a legal antiquities market.

Notably, there was a paper trail: every accidental discovery would have had at least two sets of receipts, which recorded the place and date of the chance find; and every excavated artefact would have had at least one set of receipts and one scholarly publication.

There was a four-month amnesty for owners of existing (illegal) collections to register their collections with the government (Article 33). Otherwise,

anyone who, knowing or reasonably believing antiquities to be illegally excavated, 'purchase[d], remove[d] or otherwise deal[t] with' those not-demonstrably-legal antiquities
- would have the antiquities confiscated, and
- could be fined and/or imprisoned (Article 14, Paragraph 2);
government-licensed dealers
- could sell legal antiquities (Article 26); and
(separately) government-licensed antiquities
- could be exported (Article 27).

Naturally, a few receipts would have been lost somehow; but there is no way that most or all of the thousands of antiquities' receipts were lost.

Also, the second amnesty's antiquities, private collections from between 1905 and 1935, may still not have had place-and-date records, but they would still have had amnesty licences.

However, even by 1960, the total number of collections was 'insignificant' (Hadjisavvas, 2001: 135). So, the number of chance finds (or even looted antiquities) in private collections, without records, from before 1935 must be insignificant.

The amended Antiquities Law of 10th September 1964 (2)

Unfortunately, in my various copies of the 1935 Antiquities Law and its amendments, the date(s) of amendment(s) are sometimes unclear.

(So, an article may have been amended in both 1964 and 1973; but it can be impossible to tell how the article was amended when, or even whether that copy of the law only showed the law as it was after its most recent amendment, in 1996.)

Karageorghis (2010: 9) went on to say that,

After independence, however, this [1935 antiquities] law was amended and it is now virtually impossible for large private collections of antiquities to be formed.

As of the 10th of September 1964, 'all antiquities lying undiscovered... in or upon any land shall be the property of the Government' (Article 3).

Nonetheless, the amended law continued to allow the antiquities department (either to buy chance finds itself, or) to give 'permit[s to]... sell' (PDF) to chance finders (Article 4). So, even then, there was a legal source of antiquities to supply the market.

The secret policy of 1964

However, perversely, despite it being "virtually impossible", it was between 1964 and 1973 that 'many of the large private collections of antiquities were formed' (Karageorghis, 2007a: 102).

During the intercommunal conflict, there was a 'silent accord', a secret government policy precisely to allow private collectors to buy looted antiquities to prevent their illicit export (Karageorgis, 1999: 17).

The amended Antiquities Law of 8th June 1973

This time, there was a six-month amnesty to register private collections (Article 33), to legalise all of the looted antiquities from between 1964 and 1973; and it was calculated from the 1st of July, so it was actually nearly seven months.

(There was so much time, already-massive looting increased further during the amnesty (Hadjisavvas, 2001: 135).)

There were very few private antiquities collections before the silent accord of 1964; but by the 1973 amnesty there were 'more than 1250 new' ones (Hadjisavvas, 2001: 135); and as always, many more illegal collections remained unregistered.

More generally, under the 1973 Antiquities Law, the dealer-licensing system was improved, so that it was only legal to deal part of a private collection with the antiquities director's permission (Article 26), and it was never legal to export a private collection (Article 27).

(The rules were also tightened, so it was more difficult for possessors of undocumented antiquities to claim accidental losses of the paper trail: if "amnesty antiquities" were sold, not only the sellers but also the buyers had to notify the authorities.)

Cypriot antiquities law today

Still now, chance finders will be given 'licence[s] to possess' (and sell) those antiquities (if the antiquities department does not want them).

Conclusion

It is abundantly clear from this review of Cypriot legislation on excavating, finding, looting, collecting and dealing antiquities that there is a legal source for the antiquities market.

More importantly, it is abundantly clear that antiquities without find-spots and acquisition dates (and, indeed, find-methods) are very probably looted.

In light of all this evidence, what may be more surprising is how blatantly illegal collections of looted antiquities have continued to be legalised by the Republic of Cyprus Department of Antiquities.

Nevertheless, in order to avoid any collector's confusion over the implications of the problems in Cyprus, it is important to be clear: this disastrous policy was a product of the local community's desperate attempts to minimise the harm done by international art dealers' and antiquities collectors' direct and indirect funding of the looting of the island.

Footnotes

I just might have a copy of the 1905 Antiquities Law in my files; but I have moved home recently, and my files are in storage elsewhere. Furthermore, I will soon be going abroad to work; so I have no chance of finding it in the near future.
Obviously, the amended 1964 law of the Republic of Cyprus corrected or removed references to colonial institutions and practices.

Bibliography

Ainsworth, A. 2008: "Are Cypriot coins worth saving? The battle over import restrictions on coins." Paper presented at the 2008 Marie C. Malaro Symposium, Washington, D.C., USA. Available at: http://www.gwu.edu/~mstd/documents/AreCypriotCoinsWorthSaving.pdf

Goring, E. 1988: A mischievous pastime: Digging in Cyprus in the Nineteenth Century. Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland.

Hadjisavvas, S. 2001: "The destruction of the archaeological heritage of Cyprus". In Brodie, N, Doole, J and Renfrew, C, (Eds.). Trade in illicit antiquities: The destruction of the world’s archaeological heritage, 133-139. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Available at: http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/BA4D044F6081C750C2256DC90032C3EC?OpenDocument

Karageorghis, V. 1999: Ancient Cypriote art in the Severis Collection. Athens: Costakis and Leto Severis Foundation.

Karageorghis, V. 2007a: A lifetime in the archaeology of Cyprus: The memoirs of Vassos Karageorghis. Stockholm: Medelhavsmuseet.

Karageorghis, V. 2010: Cypriote antiquities in the Phylactou Collection. Nicosia: the A. G. Leventis Foundation and the Leventis Municipal Museum, Nicosia.

Swiny, S. 1991: "Foreword". Di Cesnola, L P, (Au.). Cyprus: Its ancient cities, tombs, and temples – a narrative of researches and excavations during ten years’ residence in that island, 1-6. Nicosia: Star Graphics.

Tsolakis, K A. 1997 [1981]: Valuation and administration of lands containing antiquities in Cyprus. New Brunswick: University of New Brunswick Press - MEng dissertation. Available at: http://dspace.hil.unb.ca:8080/bitstream/handle/1882/541/mq23841.pdf

[I have broken quotations' long paragraphs to make them easy-to-read in a blog post.]

conflict antiquities as political tools against war

2011-01-05T23:30:00.002Z

Like my previous post on the mid-conflict travelling exhibition of Cyprus Treasures, this is about a post-war travelling exhibition of Cypriot cultural heritage, Cyprus B.C.: 7000 Years of History. It used conflict antiquities as political tools against war and destruction; but surprisingly, and disappointingly, not against their own looting.

Exhibition

As then Republic of Cyprus Director of Antiquities, Vassos Karageorghis (1979: 9), observed, Cyprus had suffered 'considerable distress' in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, and museums and archaeological sites in northern Cyprus had been 'inaccessible to the staff of the Department of Antiquities' since the Turkish invasion in 1974.

Yet, rather than the active Hellenist nationalism of the previous exhibition, Cyprus, B.C. was 'confined to the pre-Christian periods', and was 'comprised of the best specimens which the museums of Cyprus possess' (Karageorghis, 1979: 14).

Instead of trying to prove the Greekness of Cyprus, this exhibition wanted to send a 'message of culture... to bring reason to humanity and free the nations of the world from the folly of war and destruction' (ibid.).

Material

Given the exhibition comprised 'the best specimens which the museums of Cyprus possess[ed]' (Karageorghis, 1979: 14), it was reassuring to see that the majority of artefacts had been scientifically recovered through archaeological excavation or survey, or as chance finds on the surface (248 of 372; or, 66.67%).

However, the majority of the exhibition's looted antiquities were conflict antiquities. Nevertheless, sometimes, even with a find-spot, it was difficult to work out which community was most likely to have looted an artefact.

Looting communities:

For example, were the necropoleis of Kapsalos and Marion looted by the local, Greek Cypriot majority communities of Limassol and Polis-tis-Chrysochou; or were they within the enclaves and looted by the enclaved Turkish Cypriot minority communities? (not, then, subject to the presumption of looting by the numerically dominant community)?

At least Palaepaphos was not within Kouklia enclave: there were excavations during the conflict, from 1965 onwards (c.f. Nikolaou, 1976b: 44), so it must have been under government control (and if looted between 1964 and 1974, looted by the local Greek Cypriot community).

The Turkish Cypriot village of Souskiou had been 'deserted, looted and burned' by 2nd January 1964 (Patrick, 1976: 90n16); but were its cemeteries still accessible to Turkish Cypriots (in or around an enclave)?

Documenting finds:

The secret agreement between government archaeologists and private collectors (to allow Greek Cypriot collectors to "rescue" enclaved Turkish Cypriot-looted antiquities from the art market between 1963 and 1973) led to many, large collections of looted antiquities.

Then, when the government declared an amnesty and the private collectors declared their illicit antiquities (and the archaeologists catalogued and legalised the collections), there were so many artefacts that they required years of cataloguing and publishing work.

For instance, in 1977, Pavlos Flourentzos was still publishing artefacts catalogued '[d]uring the [1973] campaign for registration of private collections' (1977b: 97; see also Flourentzos, 1977a). There were even cases from this catalogue where objects had been published before they had been accessioned (e.g. #309).

Still, those cases were exceptional, and the information was recorded; so the exceptions should be known. Thus, museum accession and/or scholarly publication dates should be fairly reliable signs of when an object was found.

So, although Episkopi was a historically Turkish Cypriot majority mixed village, and Souskiou a historically Turkish Cypriot village, artefacts found in those villages after 1974 were probably looted by Greek Cypriots.

Numbers

Before conflict:

15 of the 49 antiquities looted before the conflict had no information. Of the 34 that had find-spots,

2 were from Turkish Cypriot Gialia;
1 was from Greek Cypriot Salamiou;
3 were from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Vasilia-Keryneias;
1 was from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Akaki;
1 was from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Pyla;
1 was from ancient Soloi (near larger, Greek Cypriot majority mixed Kseros-Karavostasi and smaller, Turkish Cypriot Ambelikou);
5 were from ancient Engomi (between the Greek Cypriot majority mixed town of Famagusta and the Greek Cypriot villages of Agios Sergios, Limnia, Stylloi and Acheritou);
1 was from ancient Kition (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Larnaca);
1 was from ancient Palaepaphos (near modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Kouklia);
1 was from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Nicosia;
1 was from Greek Cypriot Morphou;
1 was from Greek Cypriot Rizokarpaso;
1 was from Turkish Cypriot Platani;
1 was from Turkish Cypriot Ovgoros;
1 was from Greek Cypriot Gypsos/Gypsou;
1 was from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Arnadi;
9 were from ancient Marion (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou);
1 was from Greek Cypriot Ormideia; and
1 was from ancient Idalion (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Dali).

So, 30 (88.24%) of the antiquities looted before the conflict, with find-spots, were probably looted by Greek Cypriots; and 4 (11.76%) by Turkish Cypriots.

During conflict:

31 of the 63 antiquities probably looted during conflict had no information. Of the other 32,

1 was from Greek Cypriot Salamiou;
2 were from Turkish Cypriot Kotsiatis;
10 were from ancient Marion (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou);
4 were from ancient Palaepaphos (near modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Kouklia);
1 was from Turkish Cypriot Margi;
1 was from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polemidia;
1 was from Turkish Cypriot Psilatos;
1 was from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Lythrangomi;
1 was from Turkish Cypriot majority mixed Episkopi;
1 was from Greek Cypriot Katydata;
1 was from ancient Kourion (near modern Turkish Cypriot majority mixed Episkopi);
1 was from Greek Cypriot Kythrea;
1 was from ancient Tamassos (near the modern Greek Cypriot villages of Politiko and Pera);
1 was from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Vatili;
2 were from Turkish Cypriot Chrysochou;
1 was from Greek Cypriot Pegeia;
1 was from ancient Soloi (near larger, Greek Cypriot majority mixed Kseros-Karavostasi and smaller, Turkish Cypriot Ambelikou);
1 was from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Limassol; and
1 probably looted from Greek Cypriot Kalo Chorio-Lefkosias.

So, 26 (81.25%) of the antiquities looted during the conflict, with find-spots, were probably looted by Greek Cypriots; and 6 (18.75%) by Turkish Cypriots.

After conflict:

3 of the 10 antiquities probably looted after conflict had no information. Of the 7 that had find-spots,

2 were from (formerly Turkish Cypriot, by then) Greek Cypriot Souskiou;
3 were from (formerly Greek Cypriot majority mixed, by then) Greek Cypriot Limassol;
1 was from ancient Kourion (near (formerly Turkish Cypriot majority mixed, by then) Greek Cypriot Episkopi); and
1 was from Greek Cypriot Goudi.

So, all 7 of the antiquities looted after the conflict, with find-spots, were probably looted by Greek Cypriots (but the sample is too small to be reliable).

Conclusion

As usual, the evidence from pre-conflict looting is evidence of a bicommunal illicit antiquities trade.

The evidence from mid-conflict looting is of massively increased Turkish Cypriot participation, which would make sense, because of their being enclaved and impoverished (and also because of the silent accord between archaeologists and collectors, which made it easier for them to collect Turkish Cypriot-looted antiquities and call it rescue).

At the same time, it must be noted that after conflict (and conflict-worsened poverty) increased Turkish Cypriot looting, the Turkish Cypriot community still did not have a significantly disproportional role in the looting process; and contrary to Greek Cypriot claims, Turkish Cypriots did not dominate the looting business.

The evidence from post-conflict looting is from too small a sample to trust. However, it should be noted that even larger samples may inaccurately portray Greek Cypriot domination of looting, because Greek Cypriot public institutions and private collectors had easier access to Greek Cypriot-looted antiquities (especially before the opening of the Green Line in 2003).

Thankfully, I think that was the last exhibition catalogue I will do (for a while, at least). Soon, I hope to present a study of the collections of one of the most significant antiquities collecting families in Cyprus; I will also present a study of a collection largely made from conflict antiquities.

Bibliography

Flourentzos, P. 1977a: "Four Archaic terracottas from Cypriote private collections". Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, 1977, 150-153.

Flourentzos, P. 1977b: "Some antiquities from Cypriot private collections". Eirene, Volume 15, 97-101.

Karageorghis, V and Tatton-Brown, V. 1979: "The Late Bronze Age". In Tatton-Brown, V, (Ed.). Cyprus B.C.: 7000 years of history, 37-63. London: British Museum Publications Limited.

Karageorghis, V. 1979: "Introduction". In Tatton-Brown, V A, (Ed.). Cyprus B.C.: 7000 years of history, 9-14. London: British Museum Publications Limited.

Nikolaou, K. 1976b: "Archaeology in Cyprus, 1969-76". Archaeological Reports, Number 22, 34-69.

Patrick, R A. 1976: Political geography and the Cyprus Conflict, 1963-1971. Waterloo: University of Waterloo Department of Geography.

Peltenburg, E J. 1979a: "The Neolithic Period". In Tatton-Brown, V, (Ed.). Cyprus B.C.: 7000 years of history, 16-18. London: British Museum Publications Limited.

Peltenburg, E J. 1979b: "The Chalcolithic Period". In Tatton-Brown, V, (Ed.). Cyprus B.C.: 7000 years of history, 18-25. London: British Museum Publications Limited.

Swiny, S. 1979a: "The Early Bronze Age". In Tatton-Brown, V, (Ed.). Cyprus B.C.: 7000 years of history, 25-29. London: British Museum Publications Limited.

Swiny, S. 1979b: "The Middle Bronze Age". In Tatton-Brown, V, (Ed.). Cyprus B.C.: 7000 years of history, 29-36. London: British Museum Publications Limited.

Tatton-Brown, V A, (Ed.). 1979a: Cyprus B.C.: 7000 years of history. London: British Museum Publications Limited.

Tatton-Brown, V A. 1979b: "The Geometric Period". In Tatton-Brown, V, (Ed.). Cyprus B.C.: 7000 years of history, 63-69. London: British Museum Publications Limited.

Tatton-Brown, V A. 1979c: "The Archaic Period". In Tatton-Brown, V, (Ed.). Cyprus B.C.: 7000 years of history, 70-107. London: British Museum Publications Limited.

Tatton-Brown, V A. 1979d: "The Classical Period". In Tatton-Brown, V, (Ed.). Cyprus B.C.: 7000 years of history, 108-113. London: British Museum Publications Limited.

Data

Artefacts 1-8: excavated (1979: 16-18);
Artefact 9: from Ayia Mavri near Salamiou(-Paphou), published in 1973 (1979: 19) [Salamiou GC];
Artefacts 10-11: ‘Probably near Souskiou; purchased’ and ‘Probably from near Souskiou; purchased’, accessioned in 1976 (1979: 19) [Souskiou TC until 1964, then abandoned; GC since 1974];
Artefact 12: unknown, published 1973 (1979: 19);
Artefact 13: from Gialia, accessioned and published 1934 (1979: 19) [Gialia TC];
Artefact 14: from Salamiou, Anephani, accessioned 1959 (1979: 19-20) [Salamiou GC];
Artefact 15-40: excavated (1979: 20-25);
Artefact 41-47: excavated (1979a: 26-27);
Artefact 48: from Vasilia, accessioned 1937 (1979a: 27-28) [Vasilia-Keryneias GC maj mix];
Artefact 49-50: ‘Probably from Vasilia’, accessioned 1959 (1979a: 28) [Vasilia-Keryneias GC maj mix];
Artefacts 51-53: excavated (1979a: 28);
Artefacts 54-55: ‘Kotchati; purchased’, accessioned and published in 1970 (1979a: 28) [Kotsiatis TC];
Artefact 56: from ‘Polis tis Chrysochou region’, accessioned in 1973 (1979a: 28) [Polis tis Chrysochou GC maj mix];
Artefacts 57-58: surveyed (1979a: 28);
Artefact 59: ‘Akaki. Purchased’ (1979b: 30), accessioned in 1938 [Akaki GC maj mix];
Artefact 60: unknown, accessioned in 1963 (1979b: 30);
Artefact 61: excavated (1979b: 30);
Artefact 62: from Margi, accessioned in 1970 (1979b: 30-31) [Marki TC];
Artefacts 63-64: excavated (1979b: 31);
Artefact 65: from Polemidia, published in 1972 (1979b: 31-32) [Polemidia GC maj mix];
Artefact 66: from ‘Pyla region’, accessioned in 1962 (1979b: 32) [Pyla GC maj mix];
Artefact 67: from Soloi, accessioned in 1943 (1979b: 32) [Soloi near larger GC maj mix Kseros-Karavostasi and smaller TC Ambelikou];
Artefact 68: unknown, published in 1973 (1979b: 32);
Artefacts 69-72: excavated/surveyed (1979b: 32-33);
Artefact 73: unknown, accessioned in 1974 (1979b: 33);
Artefact 74: excavated (1979b: 34);
Artefact 75: unknown, accession undated (1979b: 34);
Artefact 76: excavated (1979b: 34);
Artefact 77: unknown, published in 1973 (1979b: 34);
Artefact 78: excavated (1979b: 34-35);
Artefact 79: unknown, published in 1973, but assume ‘Met. 1362’ means it was one of di Cesnola’s, accessioned at the Metropolitan Museum (1979b: 35);
Artefact 80: unknown, accessioned in 1958 (1979b: 35);
Artefact 81: unknown, accessioned in 1967 (1979b: 35);
Artefacts 82-85: excavated (1979b: 35-36);
Artefacts 86-96: excavated (1979: 38-41);
Artefact 97: ‘Enkomi, Tomb 43’, accession undated (1979: 41) [Engomi between GC maj mix Famagusta and GC Agios Sergios, Limnia, Stylloi and Acheritou];
Artefact 98: excavated (1979: 41);
Artefact 99: ‘Probably from Enkomi’, accessioned in 1954 (1979: 41) [Engomi between GC maj mix Famagusta and GC Agios Sergios, Limnia, Stylloi and Acheritou];
Artefact 100: ‘Enkomi, Tomb; bought from Mr G. Palma of Famagusta’ (1979: 41), accessioned and published in 1935 (1979: 41-42) [Engomi between GC maj mix Famagusta and GC Agios Sergios, Limnia, Stylloi and Acheritou];
Artefacts 101-103: excavated (1979: 42-43)
Artefact 104: ‘Enkomi; chance find’, accessioned in 1944 (1979: 43)
Artefact 105-130: excavated (1979: 43-49);
Artefact 131: ‘Probably from Kition; purchased’, accessioned in 1938 (1979: 49) [ancient Kition, GC maj mix modern Larnaca];
Artefacts 132-140: excavated (1979: 50-52);
Artefact 141: ‘Palaepaphos, Xerolimni, Tomb 9’, published in 1933 (1979: 52) [Palaepaphos near GC maj mix Kouklia];
Artefacts 142-144: excavated (1979: 52-53);
Artefact 145: ‘Probably Enkomi; given by Mr Kyriakos Stylianou of Larnaca’, accessioned in 1958 (1979: 53) [Engomi between GC maj mix Famagusta and GC Agios Sergios, Limnia, Stylloi and Acheritou];
Artefact 146: from Enkomi, accession undated (1979: 53) [Engomi between GC maj mix Famagusta and GC Agios Sergios, Limnia, Stylloi and Acheritou];
Artefacts 147-148: excavated (1979: 53-54);
Artefact 149: from Psilatos, accessioned in 1970 (1979: 54) [Psyllatos TC];
Artefacts 150-151: excavated (1979: 55);
Artefact 152: unknown, published in 1972 (1979: 55);
Artefact 153: unknown, accessioned in 1957 (1979: 55);
Artefacts 154-159: excavated (1979: 55-57);
Artefact 160: unknown, published in 1964 (1979: 57);
Artefact 161: from Lythrangomi, accessioned in 1966 (1979: 57) [Lythrangomi GC maj mix];
Artefact 162a: unknown, published in 1964 (1979: 57);
Artefact 162b: from ‘Palaepaphos, Evreti, Tomb 3’, published in 1971 (1979: 57) [Palaepaphos near GC maj mix Kouklia];
Artefact 163: from ‘Nicosia, Bairaktar quarter’, accessioned in 1936 (1979: 57) [Nicosia GC maj mix, but Bayraktar quarter…?];
Artefact 164: unknown, published in 1964 (1979: 57);
Artefact 165: unknown, accessioned in 1969 (1979: 58);
Artefact 166: excavated (1979: 58);
Artefact 167: from ‘Episkopi, Kaloriziki, Tomb 40’, published in 1964 (1979: 59) [Episkopi TC maj mix];
Artefact 168: unknown, published in 1964 (1979: 59);
Artefact 169: from ‘Paphos district, possibly Palaepaphos; purchased’, accessioned in 1973 (1979: 59) ["Paphos District" not a find-spot];
Artefact 170: unknown, accessioned in 1964 (1979: 59);
Artefact 171: from ‘Katydata, Tomb 28’, published in 1973 (1979: 59) [Katydata GC];
Artefact 172: excavated (1979: 59-60)
Artefact 173: unknown, accessioned in 1974 (1979: 60);
Artefact 174: unknown, published in 1973 (1979: 60);
Artefact 175: unknown, accession undated (1979: 60);
Artefacts 176-184: excavated (1979: 61-62);
Artefact 185: from ‘Limassol, Komissariato quarter, sanctuary site, found with nos. 186 and 197 [sic – 187]’, published in 1977 (1979: 63) [Limassol GC maj mix, but Komissariato quarter…?];
Artefact 186: from ‘Limassol, found with nos. 185 and 187’, published in 1977 (1979: 63) [Limassol GC maj mix, but Komissariato quarter…?];
Artefact 187: from ‘Limassol, found with nos. 185, 186’, published in 1977 (1979: 63) [Limassol GC maj mix, but Komissariato quarter…?];
Artefacts 188-192: excavated (1979b: 63-64);
Artefacts 193: from ‘Morphou, Toumba tou Skourou’, accessioned in 1958 (1979b: 65) [Morphou GC];
Artefact 194: unknown, accessioned in 1973 (1979b: 65);
Artefact 195: from Kourion, published in 1974 (1979b: 65) [Kourion near Episkopi TC maj mix];
Artefact 196: excavated (1979b: 65-66);
Artefact 197: from ‘Rizokarpaso, Anavrysi, Tomb 1; bought from Maria Dimitri’, accessioned in 1937 (1979b: 66) [Rizokarpaso GC];
Artefact 198: unknown, published in 1971 (1979b: 66);
Artefact 199-201: excavated (1979b: 66-67);
Artefact 202: from ‘Kythrea, Ayios Demetrianos’, published in 1971 (1979b: 67) [Kythrea GC];
Artefacts 203-205: excavated (1979b: 67);
Artefact 206: from Tamassos, published in 1971 (1979b: 67) [Tamassos near GC Politiko and Pera];
Artefact 207: from Palaepaphos, published in 1971 (1979b: 67) [Palaepaphos near GC maj mix Kouklia];
Artefact 208: from Vatyli, published in 1971 (1979b: 67-68) [Vatili GC maj mix];
Artefact 209: surveyed (1979b: 68);
Artefact 210: ‘Unknown provenance; purchased’, accessioned in 1964 (1979b: 68);
Artefact 211: ‘Unknown provenance; formerly G. Petrakides collection, Larnaca’, accessioned in 1970 (1979b: 68);
Artefact 212: ‘Probably from Platani; given by Wing-Commander O’Brien Hubbard’, published in 1937 (1979b: 68-69) [Platani TC];
Artefact 213: from ‘Khrysochou; purchased’, accessioned and published in 1973 (1979b: 69) [Chrysochou TC];
Artefact 214: from ‘Khrysochou; purchased’, accessioned in 1973 (1979b: 69) [Chrysochou TC];
Artefact 215: unknown, published in 1974 (1979b: 69);
Artefact 216: ‘Unknown provenance; formerly Michaelides collection’, accessioned in 1968 (1979b: 69);
Artefacts 217-264: excavated (1979c: 72-86);
Artefact 265: unknown, published in 1971 (1979c: 88);
Artefact 266: unknown, published in 1962 (1979c: 88);
Artefact 267: excavated (1979c: 88);
Artefact 268: unknown, accessioned in 1938 (1979c: 88);
Artefact 268a: ‘From near Pala[e]paphos’, published in 1968 (1979c: 88) [Palaepaphos near GC maj mix Kouklia];
Artefact 269: unknown, published in 1961 (1979c: 89);
Artefact 270: from ‘Tjónia, near Ovgoros’, accessioned and published in 1955 (1979c: 89) [Ovgoros TC];
Artefact 271: unknown, published in 1966 (1979c: 89);
Artefact 272: ‘Unknown provenance. Formerly in the Hadjiprodromou collection’, accessioned in 1977 (1979c: 90);
Artefact 273: from ‘Peyia, Kambos tis Maas’, published in 1964 (1979c: 90) [Pegeia GC];
Artefact 274-297: excavated (1979c: 90-96);
Artefact 298: from ‘Gypsos; purchased’, accessioned in 1938 (1979c: 97) [Gypsos/Gypsou GC];
Artefact 299: from Arnadi, accessioned in 1951 (1979c: 97-98) [Arnadi GC maj mix];
Artefact 300: unknown, published in 1974 (1979c: 98);
Artefact 301: ‘Unknown provenance; purchased’, accessioned in 1938 (1979c: 98);
Artefact 302: unknown, accessioned and published in 1939 (1979c: 98);
Artefacts 303-306: unknown, published in 1974 (1979c: 98);
Artefact 307: from Kourion region, accessioned in 1975 (1979c: 99) [Kourion near Episkopi TC maj mix until 1974; GC since 1974];
Artefact 308: ‘Unknown provenance; formerly Hadjiprodromou collection’, published in 1969 then accessioned in 1977 (1979c: 99);
Artefact 309: ‘Unknown provenance; formerly Hadjiprodromou collection’, published in 1975 then accessioned in 1977 (1979c: 99);
Artefact 310: from Goudi, published in 1977 (1979c: 99) [Goudi GC];
Artefact 311: ‘Unknown provenance; acquired’, accessioned in 1975 (1979c: 99);
Artefact 312: from Marion, accessioned in 1944 (1979c: 99) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou];
Artefact 313: from ‘Marion; acquired’, (1979c: 99), accessioned in 1952 (1979c: 99-100) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou];
Artefact 314: from region of Marion, published in 1956 (1979c: 100-101) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou];
Artefact 315: from ‘Marion; given by Archbishop Makarios’, accessioned in 1961 (1979c: 101) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou];
Artefact 316: surveyed (1979c: 101);
Artefact 317: from Marion, accessioned in 1941 (1979c: 101) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou];
Artefact 318: unknown, accessioned in 1934 (1979c: 101-102);
Artefact 319: from ‘Ormidhia, Lakshou tou Solomou; acquired’, published in 1961 (1979c: 102) [Ormideia GC];
Artefact 320: excavated (1979c: 102);
Artefact 321: from Paphos district, accessioned in 1973 (1979c: 102) ["Paphos District" not a find-spot];
Artefact 322: from Gialia(-Paphou), accessioned in 1945 (1979c: 102) [Gialia TC];
Artefact 323: excavated (1979c: 104);
Artefact 324: from Soloi, published in 1971 (1979c: 104) [Soloi near larger GC maj mix Kseros-Karavostasi and smaller TC Ambelikou];
Artefact 325: unknown, accessioned in 1941 (1979c: 104);
Artefact 326: unknown, accessioned in 1967 (1979c: 105);
Artefact 327: from ‘Palaepaphos, Mavromattis Tomb’ (1979c: 105), accessioned in 1965 (1979c: 105-106) [Palaepaphos near GC maj mix Kouklia];
Artefact 328: excavated (1979c: 106);
Artefact 329: ‘Unknown provenance; formerly Colocassides collection’, accessioned in 1956 (1979c: 106);
Artefacts 330-333: excavated (1979c: 106-107);
Artefact 334: from Idalion, accession undated (1979c: 107) [ancient Idalion, modern Dali GC maj mix];
Artefact 335-349: excavated (1979d: 108-110);
Artefacts 350-351: from Marion, accessioned in 1965 (1979d: 111) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou];
Artefact 352: ‘Probably from Marion’, accessioned in 1964 (1979d: 111) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou];
Artefact 353: from Marion, accessioned in 1964 (1979d: 111) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou];
Artefact 354: ‘Probably from Marion’, accessioned in 1967 (1979d: 111) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou];
Artefact 355: from Marion, published in 1894 (1979d: 111) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou];
Artefact 356: from Marion, accessioned in 1965 (1979d: 111) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou];
Artefact 357: from ‘Marion, Necropolis’, accessioned in 1965 (1979d: 111) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou];
Artefact 358: from Marion, accessioned in 1965 (1979d: 112) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou];
Artefact 359: from Marion, accessioned in 1964 (1979d: 112) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou];
Artefacts 360-361: from Marion, published in 1961 (1979d: 112) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou];
Artefact 362: from Marion, accessioned in 1948 (1979d: 112) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou];
Artefact 363: unknown, accessioned in 1955 (1979d: 112);
Artefact 364: from ‘Limassol, Kapsalos necropolis’, published in 1964 (1979d: 112) [Limassol GC maj mix];
Artefacts 365-366: surveyed (1979d: 112-113);
Artefact 367: from Kalon Chorion(-Lefkosias), published in 1971 (1979d: 113) [Kalo Chorio-Lefkosias GC];
Artefacts 368-370: surveyed (1979d: 113).

Cypriot Treasures: looted antiquities as political tools in conflict

2011-01-05T09:05:00.005Z

In 1968, Geneva's Museum of Art and History (1) hosted the Republic of Cyprus's first international exhibition of the Treasures of Cyprus (2). It was a fantastic show of the use of (looted) Cypriot antiquities as political tools in the middle of the intercommunal conflict.

Exhibition

The commissioner of the exhibition, Tony Spiteris (1968: 13), stated that the President of the Republic of Cyprus, Archbishop Makarios III, 'from the first moment... provid[ed] the means necessary for its implementation and [put] at our disposal the entire administrative apparatus' of the state (3). It showed.

The President of its Committee of Organisation was the Under-Secretary of State to the President of the Republic of Cyprus, Patroclos Stavrou; and the organising committee also included the Republic of Cyprus's Director of Antiquities, Vassos Karageorghis, and its Curator of Monuments, Athanasios Papageorghiou.(4)

The exhibition was designed to demonstrate 'the continuity of culture and civilization that existed in this island, from ancient times until today' (5) (Spiteris, 1968: 13).

The Republic of Cyprus Minister of Education, Dr. Constantinos Spyridakis (1968: 15), clarified the nature of that culture:

from the second millennium B.C., when the Mycenaean Greeks established themselves..., the island was part of the Hellenic ethnological space... Since then, the life of the island has maintained its Hellenic character, despite repeated historical upheavals. This character is reflected in its works of art, religion, language and manners. According to Herodotus, the unity of the Greeks was evidenced by the common blood, common religion, common language and common character. (6)

(He also presented a nationalist interpretation of recent conflict (7).)

Material

This was an exhibition catalogue, presenting small samples of artefacts from two museums' holdings; so, assuming I can find larger collections catalogues for the Cyprus Museum - and the Museum of Art and History in Geneva - I would not need to use this catalogue in any overall study.

Also, it was an exhibition in the middle of the intracommunal and intercommunal violence of 1963-1974, so naturally could not have displayed many conflict antiquities from that period, or any from the post-war period since 1974. Thus, it could not be used as a snapshot of how many of the "best" artefacts have been looted.

Yet it does have conflict antiquities; thus, it shows how quickly conflict antiquities entered both Cypriot and international museums.

Numbers

There were 302 artefacts. I have excluded 125-203 because they were icons (c.f. Papageorghiou, 1968: 96-106), and 231-302 because they were antiques (c.f. Diamantis, 1968: 150-160); they may have stayed in churches or in private ownership since production. I have also excluded artefacts 204-208 because they were replicas (Papageorghiou, 1968: 107).

All of the other artefacts had probably been looted; but 69 had no information (and I will presume they were probably looted before conflict), and another 13 had pre-conflict acquisition dates or collection histories, but no find-spots. 60 had both pre-conflict dates or histories and find-spots, so in total, 142 (97.26%) were pre-conflict.

Of the 60 artefacts, probably looted before the conflict, with find-spots:

4 were from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Kyrenia;
1 was from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Larnaca;
6 were from Turkish Cypriot majority mixed Episkopi;
4 were from Greek Cypriot Khirokitia;
1 was from Greek Cypriot Omodos;
1 was from Greek Cypriot Erimi;
1 was from Greek Cypriot Katydata;
3 were from ancient Vounous (between Greek Cypriot Bellapais and Greek Cypriot Agios Epiktitos-Vrysi);
1 was from ancient Soloi (near larger, Greek Cypriot majority mixed Kseros-Karavostasi and smaller, Turkish Cypriot Ambelikou);
2 were from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Lapithos;
2 were from ancient Lambousa (near modern Greek Cypriot Karavas);
2 were from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Dali;
8 were from ancient Amathus (near Greek Cypriot Agios Tychon);
1 was from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Dromolaksia;
4 were from ancient Engomi (between the Greek Cypriot majority mixed town of Famagusta and the Greek Cypriot villages of Agios Sergios, Limnia, Stylloi and Acheritou);
4 were from Greek Cypriot Lefkoniko;
1 was from Greek Cypriot Trikomo;
1 was from ancient Tamassos (near the Greek Cypriot villages of Politiko and Pera);
1 was from Turkish Cypriot Ovgoros;
3 were from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Arsos;
1 was from Greek Cypriot Kalochorio tis Klirou;
1 was from Turkish Cypriot Pergamos;
4 were from ancient Marion (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou);
2 were from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Kouklia; and
1 was from Turkish Cypriot majority mixed Agia Anna-Larnakas.

So, 51 (85.00%) were probably looted by Greek Cypriots; and 9 (15.00%) were probably looted by Turkish Cypriots.

Of the 4 (2.74%) artefacts (2 from the Cyprus Museum and 2 from the Museum of Art and History in Geneva), probably looted during the conflict, with find-spots,

1 did not have a find-spot; but
1 was probably looted from Greek Cypriot Skouriotissa; and
2 were probably looted from ancient Marion (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou).

(So, all three with find-spots were probably looted by Greek Cypriots, but it is a miniscule sample; it is meaningless on its own.)

Conclusion

The numbers show the expected bicommunal illicit antiquities trade; and although it was the Republic of Cyprus's first international use of antiquities as political tools, that practice is now standard. The interesting thing is how quickly conflict antiquities entered both Cypriot and international museum collections and displays.

Footnotes

Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Genève.
Trésors de Chypre.
'[Makarios] dès le premier moment... [a] donn[é] les moyens nécessaires à sa réalisation et [a mis] à notre disposition tout l'appareil administrative' (Spiteris, 1968: 13).
As for ceremonial positions, the exhibition's patrons were the Republic of Cyprus Minister of Education, Constantinos Spyridakis and the Swiss Federation Federal Councilor of Home Affairs, Hans-Peter Tschudi. The first member of its Committee of Honour was the Republic of Cyprus Ambassador to UNESCO, Anastasios G. Leventis.
'[L]a continuité de culture et de civilisation qui existent en cette île, depuis la plus haute antiquité jusqu’à nos jours' (Spiteris, 1968: 13).
'à partir du IIe millénaire avant J.-C., lorsque les Mycéniens hellènes s'y établirent..., l'île fit partie de l'espace ethnologique hellène... Depuis lors, la vie de l'île a maintenu son caractère hellénique, malgré des soubresauts historiques répétés. Ce caractère se manifeste dans ses oeuvres d'art, sa religion, sa langue et ses mœurs. Selon Hérodote, l'unité des Hellènes était prouvée par le sang commun, la religion commune, la langue commune et le caractère commun' (Spyridakis, 1968: 15).
Between 1955 and 1959, a Greek Cypriot nationalist paramilitary, the National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston (Εθνική Οργάνωσις Κυπρίων Αγωνιστών (EOKA))), fought a war not only to liberate Cyprus from British colonial rule, but also to unite it with Greece.

In that war, EOKA killed British, Turkish Cypriot and anti-nationalist Greek Cypriot civilians (as the Turkish Resistance Organisation ((Volkan/)TMT (Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı)) killed Greek Cypriots and anti-nationalist Turkish Cypriots); and EOKA developed into the Akritas Organisation, which fought the intercommunal war between 1963 and 1974 (against TMT).

Yet Spyridakis (1968: 16) reduced the 1955-1959 war to 'a heroic struggle for [Cyprus's] liberation [une lutte héroïque pour sa liberation]'.

Bibliography

Diamantis, A. 1968: "L'art populaire de Chypre [the folk art of Cyprus]". Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Genève (Ed.). Trésors de Chypre, 6 juillet – 15 septembre 1968 [Treasures of Cyprus, 6th July – 15th September 1968], 147-168. Genève: Musée d'Art et d'Histoire.

Karageorghis, V. 1968: "L'art chypriote dans l'Antiquité [Cypriote art in antiquity]". En Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Genève (Ed.). Trésors de Chypre, 6 juillet – 15 septembre 1968 [Treasures of Cyprus, 6th July – 15th September 1968], 19-87. Genève: Musée d'Art et d'Histoire.

Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Genève (Ed.). 1968: Trésors de Chypre, 6 juillet – 15 septembre 1968 [Treasures of Cyprus, 6th July – 15th September 1968]. Genève: Musée d'Art et d'Histoire.

Nikolaou, K. 1966: "Archaeology in Cyprus, 1961-1966". Archaeological Reports, Number 12, 27-43.

Papageorghiou, A. 1968: "L'art byzantine de Chypre [the Byzantine art of Cyprus]". En Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Genève (Ed.). Trésors de Chypre, 6 juillet – 15 septembre 1968 [Treasures of Cyprus, 6th July – 15th September 1968], 89-143. Genève: Musée d'Art et d'Histoire.

Spiteris, T P. 1968: "Présentation de l'exposition [presentation of the exhibition]". En Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Genève (Ed.). Trésors de Chypre, 6 juillet – 15 septembre 1968 [Treasures of Cyprus, 6th July – 15th September 1968], 13-14. Genève: Musée d'Art et d'Histoire.

Spyridakis, C. 1968: "Chypre: Sa civilisation à travers les ages [Cyprus: its civilisation through the ages]". En Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Genève (Ed.). Trésors de Chypre, 6 juillet – 15 septembre 1968 [Treasures of Cyprus, 6th July – 15th September 1968], 15-17. Genève: Musée d'Art et d'Histoire.

Stavrou, P. 1968: "Avant-propos [foreword]". En Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Genève (Ed.). Trésors de Chypre, 6 juillet – 15 septembre 1968 [Treasures of Cyprus, 6th July – 15th September 1968], 11-12. Genève: Musée d'Art et d'Histoire.

Data

001: n.d., ‘Prov.: Khirokitia, district de Larnaca’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 29); [Khirokitia GC]
002: n.d., ‘Prov.: Khirokitia, district de Larnaca’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 29); [Khirokitia GC]
003: n.d., ‘Prov.: Khirokitia, district de Larnaca’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 29); [Khirokitia GC]
004: n.d., ‘Prov.: Omodhos, district de Limassol’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 29); [Omodos GC(?)]
005: n.d., ‘Prov.: Khirokitia, district de Larnaca’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 29); [Khirokitia GC]
006: n.d., ‘Prov.: Erimi, district de Limassol’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 30); [Erimi GC]
007: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 30)
008: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 30)
009: 1947, no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 30)
010: n.d., ‘Prov.: Katydhata’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 31); [Katydata GC]
011: 1935, ‘Prov. Episcopi, district de Limassol’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 31); [Episkopi TC maj mix]
012: 1963, ‘Prov.: Collection Hubbard, Kerynia’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 31); pre-1964 (c.f. Nikolaou, 1966: 28)
013: 1963, ‘Prov.: Collection Hubbard, Kerynia’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 31); pre-1964 (c.f. Nikolaou, 1966: 28)
014: 1963, ‘Prov.: Collection Hubbard, Kerynia’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 32); pre-1964 (c.f. Nikolaou, 1966: 28)
015: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 32)
016: n.d., ‘Prov.: Vounous, district de Kerynia’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 32) [Vounous cemetery, between GC Bellapais and GC Agios Epiktitos-Vrysi]
017: 1933, ‘Prov.: Kerynia’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 33) [Kyrenia GC maj mix]
018: n.d., ‘Prov.: Vounous, district de Kerynia’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 33) [Vounous cemetery, between GC Bellapais and GC Agios Epiktitos-Vrysi]
019: n.d., ‘Prov.: Vounous, district de Kerynia’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 33) [Vounous cemetery, between GC Bellapais and GC Agios Epiktitos-Vrysi]
020: 1963, ‘Prov.: Collection Hubbard, Kerynia’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 33); pre-1964 (c.f. Nikolaou, 1966: 28)
021: n.d., ‘Prov.: Kerynia’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 34) [Kyrenia GC maj mix]
022: 1943, ‘Prov.: Soloi, district de Nicosie’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 34); [Soloi near larger GC maj mix Kseros-Karavostasi and smaller TC Ambelikou]
023: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 34)
024: 1963, ‘Prov.: Collection Hubbard, Kerynia’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 34); pre-1964 (c.f. Nikolaou, 1966: 28)
025: n.d., ‘Prov.: Lapithos, district de Kerynia’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 35); [Lapithos GC maj mix]
026: n.d., ‘Prov.: Lapithos, district de Kerynia’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 35); [Lapithos GC maj mix]
027: n.d., ‘Prov.: Dali, district de Nicosie’, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 35); [Dali GC maj mix]
028: n.d., ‘Prov.: Dali, district de Nicosie’, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 36); [Dali GC maj mix]
029: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 36)
030: n.d., ‘Prov.: Amathonte, district de Limassol’, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 36); [ancient Amathus, near GC Agios Tychon]
031: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 36)
032: 1963, ‘Prov.: Collection Hubbard, Kerynia’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 37); pre-1964 (c.f. Nikolaou, 1966: 28)
033: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 37)
034: n.d., ‘Prov.: Episcopi, district de Limassol’, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 37); [Episkopi TC maj mix]
035: n.d., ‘Prov.: Episcopi, district de Limassol’, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 38); [Episkopi TC maj mix]
036: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 38)
037: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 38)
038: 1964, ‘Prov.: Région de Skouriotissa, district de Nicosie’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 38) [GC Skouriotissa]
039: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 39)
040: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 39)
041: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 39)
042: n.d., ‘Prov.: don [given by] Karemphylakis, Larnaca’, in CM??? (Karageorghis, 1968: 40)
043: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 40)
044: n.d., ‘Prov.: Dromolaxia, district de Larnaca’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 40); [Dromolaxia GC maj mix]
045: n.d., ‘Prov.: Enkomi, district de Famagouste’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 40); [Engomi between GC maj mix Famagusta and GC Agios Sergios, Limnia, Stylloi and Acheritou]
046: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 41)
047: n.d., ‘Prov.: Enkomi, district de Famagouste’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 41); [Engomi between GC maj mix Famagusta and GC Agios Sergios, Limnia, Stylloi and Acheritou]
048: n.d., ‘Prov.: Enkomi, district de Famagouste’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 41); [Engomi between GC maj mix Famagusta and GC Agios Sergios, Limnia, Stylloi and Acheritou]
049: 1965, ‘Prov.: district de Famagouste’, in CM??? (Karageorghis, 1968: 41) ["Famagusta District" is not a find-spot]
050: 1963, ‘Prov.: Lefkoniko, district de Famagouste’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 42); [Lefkoniko GC]
051: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 42)
052: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 42)
053: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 43)
054: n.d., ‘Prov.: don d’un commissaire [given by a commissioner], Limassol’, in CM??? (Karageorghis, 1968: 43)
055: 1955, no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 43)
056: 1939, ‘Prov.: Lefkoniko, district de Famagouste’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 44); [Lefkoniko GC]
057: 1947, ‘Prov.: Lefkoniko, district de Famagouste’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 44); [Lefkoniko GC]
058: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 44)
059: n.d., ‘Prov.: Collection Petrakides, Larnaca’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 45)
060: n.d., ‘Prov.: Amathonte, district de Limassol’, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 45); [ancient Amathus, near GC Agios Tychon]
061: n.d., ‘Prov.: Amathonte, district de Limassol’, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 45); [ancient Amathus, near GC Agios Tychon]
062: n.d., ‘Prov.: Amathonte, district de Limassol’, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 46); [ancient Amathus, near GC Agios Tychon]
063: n.d., ‘Prov.: Collection Petrakides, Larnaca’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 46)
064: n.d., ‘Prov.: district de Larnaca’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 46); ["Larnaca District" is not a find-spot]
065: n.d., ‘Prov.: Carpassia’, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 47); ["Karpasia" is not a find-spot]
066: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 47)
067: n.d., ‘Prov.: Collection Petrakides, Larnaca’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 47)
068: 1937, ‘Prov.: Trikomo, district de Famagouste’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 48); [Trikomo GC]
069: n.d., ‘Prov.: Tamassos, district de Nicosie’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 48); [Tamassos near GC Politiko and Pera]
070: 1963, no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 48)
071: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 49)
072: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 49)
073: n.d., ‘Prov.: Amathonte, district de Limassol’, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 49); [ancient Amathus, near GC Agios Tychon]
074: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 49)
075: 1955, ‘Prov.: Ovgoros “Schionia”, district de Famagouste’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 50) [Ovgoros TC]
076: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 50)
077: 1963, ‘Prov.: Collection Hubbard, Kerynia’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 50); pre-1964 (c.f. Nikolaou, 1966: 28)
078: n.d., ‘Prov.: Episcopi, district de Limassol’, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 51); [Episkopi TC maj mix]
079: n.d., ‘Prov.: Kerynia’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 51) [Kyrenia GC maj mix]
080: n.d., ‘Prov.: Arsos, district de Larnaca’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 51); [Arsos GC maj mix]
081: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 52)
082: n.d., ‘Prov.: Arsos, district de Larnaca’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 52); [Arsos GC maj mix]
083: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968:2)
084: 1946, ‘Prov.: Collection Kolokassides’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 53)
085: 1953, ‘Prov.: Kalochorio tis Klirou, district de Nicosie’, CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 53) [Kalochorio tis Klirou GC]
086: 1963, ‘Prov.: Collection Hubbard, Kerynia’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 53); pre-1964 (c.f. Nikolaou, 1966: 28)
087: n.d., ‘Prov.: Episcopi, district de Limassol’, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 54); [Episkopi TC maj mix]
088: n.d., ‘Prov.: Amathonte, district de Limassol’, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 54); [ancient Amathus, near GC Agios Tychon]
089: n.d., ‘Prov.: Arsos, district de Larnaca’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 54); [Arsos GC maj mix]
090: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 54)
091: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 55)
092: 1955, ‘Prov.: Pergamos, district de Larnaca’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 55) [Pergamos TC]
093: 1944, ‘Prov.: Marion, district de Paphos’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 55); [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou]
094: n.d., ‘Prov.: Polis tis Chrysochous “Sphageion”, district de Paphos’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 56); [GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou]
095: n.d., ‘Prov.: Polis tis Chrysochous “Sphageion”, district de Paphos’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 56); [GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou]
096: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 56)
097: n.d., ‘Prov.: Lefkoniko, district de Famagouste’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 56); [Lefkoniko GC]
098: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 57)
099: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 57)
100: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 57)
101: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 57)
102: 1963, ‘Prov.: Collection Hubbard, Kerynia’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 58); pre-1964 (c.f. Nikolaou, 1966: 28)
103: n.d., ‘Prov.: Collection Gunther’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 59)
104: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 59)
105: n.d., ‘Prov.: Enkomi, district de Famagouste’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 60); [Engomi between GC maj mix Famagusta and GC Agios Sergios, Limnia, Stylloi and Acheritou]
106: n.d., ‘Prov.: Larnaca’, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 60); [Larnaca GC maj mix]
107: n.d., ‘Prov.: Kouklia, district de Paphos’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 60); [GC maj mix Kouklia]
108: n.d., ‘Prov.: Kouklia, district de Paphos’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 60); [GC maj mix Kouklia]
109: n.d., ‘Prov.: Amathonte district de Limassol’ [original lack of comma between place and district], in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 61); [ancient Amathus, near GC Agios Tychon]
110: 1955, ‘Prov.: Polis tis Chrysochous, district de Paphos’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 61); [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou]
111: 1964, ‘Prov.: Polis tis Chrysochous, district de Paphos’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 61); [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou]
112: n.d., no info, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 61)
113: 1964, ‘Prov.: Polis tis Chrysochous, district de Paphos’, in CM (Karageorghis, 1968: 61); [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou]
114: n.d., ‘Prov.: entre Haghia Anna et Episcopi, district de Limassol’, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 62); [Episkopi TC maj mix]
115: n.d., ‘Prov.: Amathonte, district de Limassol’, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 63); [ancient Amathus, near GC Agios Tychon]
116: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 63)
117: n.d., ‘Prov.: Haghia Anna’, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 63) [Agia Anna-Larnakas TC maj mix]
118: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 63)
119: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 64)
120: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 64)
121: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 64)
122: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 64)
123: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 64)
124: n.d., no info, in MAHG (Karageorghis, 1968: 64)

204: n.d., ‘Prov.: Trésor de Lambousa’, ‘réplique de J. 452’, in CM (Papageorghiou, 1968: 107)
205: n.d., ‘Prov.: Trésor de Lambousa’, ‘réplique de J. 454’, in CM (Papageorghiou, 1968: 107)
206: n.d., ‘Prov.: Trésor de Lambousa’, ‘réplique de J. 453’, in CM (Papageorghiou, 1968: 107)
207: n.d., ‘Prov.: Trésor de Lambousa’, ‘réplique de J. 455’, in CM (Papageorghiou, 1968: 107)
208: n.d., ‘Prov.: Trésor de Lambousa’, ‘réplique de J. 456’, in CM (Papageorghiou, 1968: 107)
209: n.d., ‘Prov.: Lambousa’, ‘J. 429’ (i.e. not replica), in CM (Papageorghiou, 1968: 108) [ancient Lambousa, near to GC Karavas]
210: 1959, ‘Prov.: Trouvé au sud de Kerynia’, in CM (Papageorghiou, 1968: 108) [Kyrenia GC maj mix]
211: n.d., no info, in CM (Papageorghiou, 1968: 108)
212: n.d., no info, in CM (Papageorghiou, 1968: 108)
213: n.d., no info, in CM (Papageorghiou, 1968: 108)
214: n.d., ‘Prov.: Lambousa’, in CM (Papageorghiou, 1968: 108) [ancient Lambousa, near to modern Greek Cypriot Karavas]

215-230: ‘Du no 215 au no 230: Morphou, coll. Chr. Loïzides’ (Papageorghiou, 1968: 143)

Munich Museum, Bronze Age Cypriot antiquities

2011-01-04T08:15:00.017Z

Continuing to work through my information from antiquities catalogues, I accidentally rewrote a post (1) I had forgotten about (on Bronze Age antiquities in a museum in Munich); but that was for the best, because I found a silly mistake in the original (including rather than excluding a copy of an artefact).

I have corrected that (and the numbers), and made the presentation of information much clearer; I have also inserted the source data, and deleted the bits of copied-out German text.

So, I have deleted the original post: this is the new one.

In 1977, archaeologist Gisela Zahlhaas published Finds of the Bronze Age in Cyprus: Catalogue of the Exhibition (2) of the Prehistoric Collection of the Munich Museum for Pre- and Early History (3). It is a difficult source to use, but if nothing else, it is useful for showing how little information we can have about public antiquities collections.

Background

In 1967, Paris's Museum of Decorative Arts (4) hosted the Republic of Cyprus's travelling exhibition of the Treasures of Cyprus (5); it was shown at the Munich Museum for Pre- and Early History in 1968 (and other places, like Moscow's Pushkin Museum in 1970).

In contrast, the Director of the Munich State Prehistoric Collection, Hans-Jörg Kellner (1977: 11), explained that the Munich Museum's Finds of the Bronze Age in Cyprus were 'almost exclusively [fast ausschließlich]' from its own material.(6)

I have included my reasons for categorising artefacts as probably looted; but it is just to show my working for people who want to check it. The findings are below the reasons.

Reasons for categorisation

The State Collection was built upon a 'long tradition of collecting [eine lange Sammeltradition zurück]'. It was supplemented by the private Sanzin Collection, which thankfully had been 'almost closed [fast geschlossen]' since 1960 (ibid.).

Unfortunately, the catalogue did not distinguish between artefacts that were found in excavations and surveys (if any were), or ones that were donated or purchased; and the mass of inventory dates from 1974 and 1975 suggest much of the material was only catalogued for the exhibition (so they cannot be used to date the acquisition of the artefacts).

[The rest of the reasoning is from the original post.]

Still, it is possible to work out some things because of the lack of information. If archaeologists had made chance finds of artefacts, those chance finds would have had find-spots.

Likewise, if peasants had made chance finds of artefacts on their land (or on land they worked on, grazed their animals on, etc.), and if archaeologists or antiquarians had acquired those chance finds, those chance finds would (probably) have had find-spots.(7)

Furthermore, if the artefacts were worthy of international exhibition, they would (probably) have been mentioned in one publication or another, if only as an aside in the Annual Report of the Director of the Department of Antiquities (ARDA).

(Moreover, many looted artefacts have been published, with find-spots, so even having both pieces of information is no guarantee, if the catalogue does not explicitly state the artefact was found by excavation, survey or chance.)

So, if archaeological artefacts had a literature reference but no find-spot, they were probably looted; and if antiquities had find-spots but no literature reference, they were also probably looted; and if they had no find-spot or literature reference, they were very probably looted.

David Gill and Christopher Chippindale (1993: 610) defined "surfaced" artefacts as 'object[s] whose finding or excavation in the field has never been reported.... which appear in an exhibition or sale without history, previous publication, or other account'.

Gill and Chippindale (1993: 610) identified the three sources of surfaced objects as illicit excavation, forgery, and old collections; but they dismissed old collections being significant sources as 'a [c]onvenient [f]iction' (1993: 622).

Furthermore, I fear supply of illicit Cypriot antiquities has been so great it has met the demand, so there has never been a market for a forgery industry. Thus, while a few of the surfaced objects may have been forgotten or forged, most will have been looted.

Findings

Excluding the copy of an artefact, there were 103 objects in the exhibition. All of those 103 were probably looted; but 92 (89.32%) had no acquisition date, and no other information, so it was impossible to learn a lot from this material. Of the 11 artefacts with find-spots,

1 probably looted from "Maloula" - ancient Athienou Malloura (modern Greek Cypriot Athienou) - before conflict (8);
5 probably looted from "Maloula" - ancient Athienou Malloura (modern Greek Cypriot Athienou) - between 1963 and 1974 (8);
4 probably looted from Deneia between 1963 and 1974 (after the Turkish Cypriots had become refugees, when it was a Greek Cypriot village); and
1 probably looted from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou.

All of the artefacts with find-spots were probably looted by Greek Cypriots; but this is far too small a sample; it means nothing. (It needs to be combined with all of the other data for a comprehensive understanding.)

This material does show, however, that the Munich Museum for Pre- and Early History appears to have conflict antiquities, artefacts probably looted from Cyprus during the Cyprus Conflict.

Footnotes

The original, 9th November 2009 post was titled "Cypriot antiquities, Munich State Prehistoric Collection" (and was available at http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.com/2009/11/cypriot-antiquities-munich-state.html).
Funde der Bronzezeit auf Zypern: Katalog der Ausstellung.
Prähistoriche Staatssammlung München Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte.
Musée des Arts Décoratifs.
Trésors de Chypre.
The museum had an archaeological acquisitions policy, so the display was 'not a view of the exceptional, but rather of the typical, the characteristic [nicht der Blick auf das Exzeptionelle, sondern der auf das Typische, Charakteristische]' (Kellner, 1977: 11).
Gill and Chippindale (1993: 608) judged that only 'very few of these [farmers'] older finds may have been conveyed into the corpus'.
"Maloula" does not appear in the glossary of geographical terms or in the toponymy of village names of the Complete Gazetteer of Cyprus (ROCPCSGN, 1987: xv; 773); it must have been a misrecording of "Maloura [Athienou Malloura]".

As I noted in the original post,
According to the Embassy of the Republic of Cyprus in Washington, D.C., Athienou Malloura had been 'visited by grave robbers in the 1930s and 1960s, according to The Cyprus Weekly' (ERC, 2005); but the Athienou Archaeological Project was even more specific.

Malloura's sanctuary site was 'looted in the 1930s' (Toumazou, Kardulias and Yerkes, 1992), then those looters 'exported hundreds of statues from Cyprus illegally' (AAP, 2005).

Local contacts told the Project that 'as recently as the 1960's [sic]', Malloura's burial site, Mağara Tepesi, was 'destroyed by looters, bulldozing, and plowing' (AAP, 2005). So, the four probably looted artefacts from Athienou Malloura may be from the tombs of Mağara Tepesi.

Bibliography

AAP (Athienou Archaeological Project). 2005: "About Athienou-Malloura". Athienou Archaeological Project, 7th November. Available at: http://www.davidson.edu/academic/classics/Toumazou/AAP/site.html

ERC (Embassy of the Republic of Cyprus in Washington, D.C.). 2005: "Archaeologists dig new finds". Embassy of the Republic of Cyprus in Washington, D.C., 1st September. Available at: http://www.cyprusembassy.net/home/index.php?module=article&id=2891

Kellner, H-J. 1977: "Vorwort [Foreword]". In Zahlhaas, G, (Be.). Funde der Bronzezeit auf Zypern: Katalog der Ausstellung [finds of the Bronze Age in Cyprus: Catalogue of the exhibition], 7-11. München: Prähistoriche Staatssammlung München Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte.

Musée des Arts Décoratifs. 1967: Trésors de Chypre. Paris: Musée des Arts Décoratifs.

ROCPCSGN (Republic of Cyprus Permanent Committee for the Standardization of Geographical Names). 1987: A complete gazetteer of Cyprus, volume 1. Nicosia: Cyprus Research Centre and Republic of Cyprus Department of Lands and Surveys.

Toumazou, M K, Kardulias, P N and Yerkes, R W. 1992: "Excavation and survey in the Malloura Valley, central Cyprus: The 1991 season". Old World Archaeology Newsletter, Volume 15, Number 3, 18-23. Available at: http://www.davidson.edu/academic/classics/Toumazou/AAP/articles/91season.html

Zahlhaas, G, (Be.). 1977: Funde der Bronzezeit auf Zypern: Katalog der Ausstellung [finds of the Bronze Age in Cyprus: Catalogue of the exhibition]. München: Prähistoriche Staatssammlung München Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte.

Data

001: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 22);
002: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 22);
003: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info, and only comparative lit ref, as ‘Lit.: Vgl.[…]’ Means ‘Literatur: Vergleiche [literature: compare]’ (Zahlhaas, 1977: 23);
004: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 23);
005: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 24);
006: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 24);
007: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info, but lit ref (Zahlhaas, 1977: 24);
008: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 24);
009: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 24);
010: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info, but lit ref (Zahlhaas, 1977: 24);
011: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info, but lit ref (Zahlhaas, 1977:4);
012: ‘Prov. Dhenia bei Akaki [line break] Inv. 1967’, and lit ref (Zahlhaas, 1977: 25);
013: ‘Prov. Maloula [line break] Inv. 1972’ (Zahlhaas, 1977: 26);
014: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 26);
015: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 26);
016: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info, but lit ref (Zahlhaas, 1977: 26);
017: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 26);
018: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 26);
019[a]: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 26);
019[b]: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 26);
019[c]: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 26);
019[d]: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 26);
019[e]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 26);
019[f]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 26);
020: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 27);
021: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 27);
022: ‘Prov. Dhenia bei Akaki [line break] Inv. 1967’, and lit ref (Zahlhaas, 1977: 28);
023: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 28);
024: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 28);
025: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 28);
026: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info, and only comp lit ref, ‘Lit.: Vgl.[…]’ (Zahlhaas, 1977: 29);
027: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 29);
028: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 29);
029: ‘Prov. Dhenia bei Akaki [line break] Inv. 1967’, and lit ref (Zahlhaas, 1977: 30);
030: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 30);
031: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 30);
032: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 30);
033: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 30);
034: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 30);
035[a]: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 31);
035[b]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 31);
035[c]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 31);
035[d]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 31);
036: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
037[a]: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
037[b]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
037[c]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
037[d]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
038[a]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
038[b]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
039[a]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
039[b]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
039[c]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
039[d]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
039[e]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
040[a]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
040[b]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
040[c]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
040[d]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
040[e]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
040[f]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
041: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
042: ‘Athen, National-Museum Inv. 13 051’, and lit ref (Zahlhaas, 1977: 32);
043: ‘Prov. Maloula [line break] Inv. 1969’ (Zahlhaas, 1977: 33);
044: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info, and only comp lit ref, ‘Lit.: Vgl.[…]’ (Zahlhaas, 1977: 33);
045: ‘Prov. Maloula [line break] Inv. 1972’ (Zahlhaas, 1977: 34);
046: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 34);
047: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info, and only comp lit ref, ‘Lit.: Vgl.[…]’ (Zahlhaas, 1977: 35);
048: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info, and only comp lit ref, ‘Lit.: Ornament vgl. Lapithos 316, Nr. 134’ (Zahlhaas, 1977: 35);
049: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 35);
050: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 35);
051: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 35);
052: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 35);
053: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 36);
054: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info, and only comp lit ref, ‘Lit.: Vgl.[…]’ (Zahlhaas, 1977: 36);
055: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 36);
056: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 36);
057: ‘Kopie…. [line break] Prov. Enkomi [line break] Röm.-Germ. Zentralmuseum Mainz’, no info, but lit ref (Zahlhaas, 1977: 38);
058: ‘Prov. Polis [line break] Inv. 1975’, but only comp lit ref, ‘Lit.: Vgl.[…]’ (Zahlhaas, 1977: 39);
059: ‘Prov. Dhenia bei Akaki [line break] Inv. 1967’, but only comp lit ref, ‘Lit.: Vgl.[…]’ (Zahlhaas, 1977: 39);
060: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 39);
061: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 39);
062: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 41);
063: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 41);
064: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 41);
065: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 42);
066[a]: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 42);
066[b]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 42);
066[c]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 42);
066[d]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 42);
066[e]: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 42);
067: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 42);
068: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 44);
069: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 44);
070: ‘Prov. Maloula [line break] Inv. 1969’ (Zahlhaas, 1977: 44);
071: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 45);
072: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 46);
073: ‘Prov. Nr. 74 Maloula [line break] Inv. 1975’, and lit ref (Zahlhaas, 1977: 46);
074: ‘Prov. Nr. 74 Maloula [line break] .... Inv. 1969’, and lit ref (Zahlhaas, 1977: 46);
075: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 46);
076: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 46);
077: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 46);
078: ‘Inv. 1975’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 46);
079: ‘Inv. 1974’, no info (Zahlhaas, 1977: 47).

Louvre Museum, Chalcolithic to Roman Cypriot antiquities

2011-01-03T11:05:00.002Z

Following on from my previous post on the Louvre Museum's Bronze Age Cypriot antiquities, here is information from Annie Caubet, Antoine Hermary and Vassos Karageorghis's (1992) catalogue of Antique Art of Cyprus in the Museum of the Louvre from the Chalcolithic to the Roman Period (1).

Background

The previous catalogue said that French archaeologists had not exported any artefacts from Cyprus since 1958, but that the Louvre had continued collecting Cypriot antiquities. Reassuringly, this catalogue clarified that (since 1958) the Louvre has (only) bought 'objects from old collections [pièces provenant de collections anciennes]' (Caubet, 1992: 9).

Strictly speaking, the Louvre might still have bought Cypriot conflict antiquities between 1955 and 1958; but we can feel far safer in assuming that its antiquities were collected in peacetime. (There is no antiquity in either catalogue with an acquisition date during the Cyprus Conflict.)

Information

Of the 201 artefacts, 7 were found outside Cyprus (so I will exclude them). Of the 194 artefacts from Cyprus, 31 (15.98%) were found on an archaeological mission (through excavation or survey, by chance, etc.). However, 163 (82.02%) of the artefacts from Cyprus were probably looted.

Of those 163,

91 had no acquisition date and no find-spot;
6 were probably looted before conflict (but they had no find-spot information);
14 were probably looted from ancient Idalion (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Dali);
10 were probably looted from Golgoi, near Greek Cypriot Athienou;
5 were probably looted from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Larnaca;
5 were probably looted from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Lapithos-Keryneias;
4 were probably looted from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Arsos;
4 were probably looted from Greek Cypriot Aradippou;
4 were probably looted from Turkish Cypriot Sinda;
4 were probably looted from ancient Marion (modern Greek Cypriot majority mixed Polis-tis-Chrysochou);
3 were probably looted from Greek Cypriot Athienou;
2 were probably looted from Greek Cypriot Pyrgos;
1 was probably looted from Greek Cypriot Achna;
1 was probably looted from Greek Cypriot Agia Varvara(-Lefkosias);
1 was probably looted from Greek Cypriot Agios Theodoros-Karpasias;
1 was probably looted from Greek Cypriot Alambra;
1 was probably looted from ancient Amathus (near Greek Cypriot Agios Tychon);
1 was probably looted from Greek Cypriot Arpera Çiftlik;
1 was probably looted from Greek Cypriot Castroulla;
1 was probably looted from Turkish Cypriot Kellia;
1 was probably looted from ancient Kourion (Turkish Cypriot majority mixed Episkopi-Lemesou);
1 was probably looted from Greek Cypriot majority mixed Pyla; and
1 was probably looted from Greek Cypriot Trikomo.

So, of the 66 artefacts from Cyprus with fairly reliable find-spots, 60 (90.91%) were probably looted by Greek Cypriots 6 (9.09%) were probably looted by Turkish Cypriots.

Conclusion

Thankfully, this catalogue had a larger sample of artefacts, and a larger number (and proportion of the collection) had fairly reliable find-spots.

From this sample, the communities' involvement in looting appears somewhat different from the previous sample of Cypriot antiquities in the Louvre Museum (Greek Cypriots appear even more involved); but this merely affirms the unreliability of individual, small studies from such a large body of evidence.

Nonetheless, importantly, this sample again shows a historically bicommunal antiquities trade. That is (or should be) unsurprising; but it is a key part of understanding how the Cyprus Conflict changed the illicit antiquities trade in Cyprus - and equally, how the conflict did not change the trade.

Footnotes

Art antique de Chypre au Musée du Louvre du Chalcolithique à l'époque romaine.

Bibliography

Caubet, A. 1992: "Historique de la collection chypriote au Musée du Louvre [history of the Cypriot collection in the Museum of the Louvre]". En Caubet, A, Hermary, A et Karageorghis, V, (Aus.). 1992: Art antique de Chypre au Musée du Louvre du Chalcolithique à l’époque romaine [antique art of Cyprus in the Museum of the Louvre from the Chalcolithic to the Roman period], 8-9. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux et Fondation A. G. Leventis.

Caubet, A, Hermary, A et Karageorghis, V. 1992: Art antique de Chypre au Musée du Louvre du Chalcolithique à l’époque romaine [antique art of Cyprus in the Museum of the Louvre from the Chalcolithic to the Roman period]. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux et Fondation A. G. Leventis.

Data

001: ‘deux statuettes chalcolithiques (nos 1 et 2) acquises par lui dans la région de Maroni [two statues Chalcolithic (Nos. 1 and 2) acquired by him [1903 University of Paris Mission archaeologist Paul-Louis Couchoud] in the region of Maroni]’ (Caubet, 1992: 9)
002: ‘Maroni. Mission Couchoud 1903’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 26)
003: excavated (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 27)
004: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 28)
005: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 28)
006: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 29)
007: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 29)
008: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 32)
009: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 32)
010: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 32)
011: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 32)
012: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 32)
013: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 34)
014: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 34)
015: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 34)
016: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 36)
017: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 37)
018: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 38)
019: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 38)
020: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 39)
021: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 40)
022: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 40)
023: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 41)
024: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 41)
025: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 42)
026: exc. [Syria] (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 42)
027: exc. [Syria] (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 43)
028: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 44)
029: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 44)
030: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 45)
031: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 46)
032: n.d., ‘Aradippou, près de Larnaca’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 46) [GC Aradippou]
033: n.d., ‘Aradippou, près de Larnaca’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 47) [GC Aradippou]
034: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 48)
035: n.d., ‘Arpera, près de Larnaca’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 48) [GC Arpera Çiftlik]
036: n.d., ‘Aradippou, près de Larnaca’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 50) [GC Aradippou]
037: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 50)
038: n.d., ‘Aradippou, près de Larnaca’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 51) [GC Aradippou]
039: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 52); ‘Certaines (nos 39, 42) sont probablement des importations [Some (Nos. 39, 42) are probably imports]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 7)
040: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 52)
041: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 53)
042: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 53); ‘Certaines (nos 39, 42) sont probablement des importations [Some (Nos. 39, 42) are probably imports]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 7)
043: n.d., no info [Syria : see Caubet’s historical note on collection] (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 54); ‘Quelques objets provenant de Syrie, mais incontestablement de manufacture chypriote, ont été également retenus en raison de leur caractère exceptionnel:... ([e.g.] no 43) [Some items from Syria, but unquestionably Cypriot manufacture, were also selected because of their uniqueness:… ([e.g.] No. 43)]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 7)
044: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 54)
045: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 55)
046: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 55)
047: n.d., ‘Nécropole de Sinda [necropolis of Sinda]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 56) [TC Sinda]
048: n.d., ‘même provenance que le no 47 [the same provenance as No. 47 (i.e. the Necropolis of Sinda)]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 56) [TC Sinda]
049: n.d., ‘Nécropole de Sinda’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 56) [TC Sinda]
050: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 57)
051: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 59)
052: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 59)
053: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 59)
054: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 60)
055: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 61)
056: exc. [Syria] (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 61)
057: n.d., ‘Athiénou’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 62) [GC Athienou]
058: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 62)
059: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 63)
060: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 64)
061: ‘Don [given by] E. Boysset 1898’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 65)
062: ‘Don [given by] École Française d’Athènes 1896’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 65)
063: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 66)
064: ‘Don [given by] E. Boysset 1898’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 66)
065: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 67)
066: ‘Kastroullia. Mission Hamilton Lang 1972’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 67)
067: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 67)
068: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 67)
069: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 67)
070: ‘Don [given by] E. Boysset 1900’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 68)
071: n.d., ‘Sinda’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 68) [TC Sinda]
072: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 69)
073: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 69)
074: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 69)
075: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 70)
076: n.d., ‘Kastroullia dans le Karpass’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 70) [GC Castroulla]
077: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 70)
078: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 71)
079: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 72)
080: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 73)
081: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 73)
082: n.d., ‘Idalion, ancienne collection du duc de Luynes [Idalion, old collection of the Duke of Luynes]’, c.f. artefact 83 (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 74); ‘passa par la collection du Duc de Luynes (no 82) [passed through the collection of the Duke of Luynes (No. 82)]’ (Caubet, 1992: 8) [ancient Idalion, modern Dali GC maj mix]
083: ‘Idalion, don [given by] F. de Saulcy 1851’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 76); ‘qui venaient d’être mises au jour sur l’acropole d’Idalion (no 83) [which had been excavated on the acropolis of Idalion (No. 83)]’ (Caubet, 1992: 8) [ancient Idalion, modern Dali GC maj mix]
084: n.d., ‘Trouvée à Sparte(?) [found in Sparta(?)]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 78)
085: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 79)
086: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 79)
087: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 79)
088: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 79)
089: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 80)
090: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 81)
091: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 81)
092: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 82)
093: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 82)
094: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 84)
095: n.d., ‘Pyla’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 86) [GC maj mix Pyla]
096: n.d., ‘Kellia, près de Larnaca’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 86) [TC Kellia]
097: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 88)
098: n.d., no info, because only specified as from the ‘Région du Karpass [region of the Karpass]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 89)
099: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 92)
100: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 92)
101: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 93)
102: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 93)
103: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 94)
104: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 94)
105: n.d., ‘Nécropole de Kourion’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 94) [ancient Kourion, near modern TC maj mix Episkopi-Lemesou]
106: mission, ‘Nécropole de Kastroullia, rapporté par R. Hamilton Lang 1872 [Necropolis of Kastroullia, reported by R. Hamilton Lang in 1872]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 95)
107: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 95)
108: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 95)
109: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 95)
110: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 95)
111: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 95)
112: n.d., ‘Voir le no 116 [see No. 116 (i.e. figurines given to Louvre by Major Chamberlayne from Lapithos)]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 98) [GC maj mix Lapithos-Keryneias]
113: n.d., ‘Voir le no 116 [see No. 116 (i.e. figurines given to Louvre by Major Chamberlayne from Lapithos)]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 98) [GC maj mix Lapithos-Keryneias]
114: n.d., ‘Voir le no 116 [see No. 116 (i.e. figurines given to Louvre by Major Chamberlayne from Lapithos)]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 98) [GC maj mix Lapithos-Keryneias]
115: n.d., ‘Voir le no 116 [see No. 116 (i.e. figurines given to Louvre by Major Chamberlayne from Lapithos)]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 98) [GC maj mix Lapithos-Keryneias]
116: n.d., ‘L’ensemble de figurines données au Musée du Louvre par le major Chamberlayne provient d’un sanctuaire de Lapithos [the assemblage of figurines given to the Museum of the Louvre by Major Chamberlayne come from a sanctuary in Lapithos]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 98) [GC maj mix Lapithos-Keryneias]
117: n.d., ‘Idalion, ancienne collection De Clercq [Idalion, old collection of De Clercq]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 101) [ancient Idalion, modern Dali GC maj mix]
118: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 102)
119: n.d., ‘Nécropole d’Idalion. Atelier d’Amathonte [Necropolis of Idalion. Workshop of Amathus]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 102) [ancient Idalion, modern Dali GC maj mix]
120: n.d., ‘Probablement nécropole d’Idalion [probably the necropolis of Idalion]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 102) [ancient Idalion, modern Dali GC maj mix]
121: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 102)
122: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 102)
123: n.d., no info, because ‘Cette figurine a été attribuée à une groupe sortant probablement d’un atelier de Lapithos [this figurine has been attributed to a group probably coming from a workshop in Lapithos]’ refers to its manufacture, not its findspot (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 104)
124: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 104)
125: n.d., no info, because there is only reference to style, rather than find-spot, in the note tat ‘La tête du Louvre est un bel exemple de la grande sculpture en terre cuite d’Idalion à l’époque archaïque [the head of the Louvre is a fine example of the large sculpture in terracotta of Idalion in the Archaic period]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 105)
126: n.d., no info, since ‘Atelier d’Idalion, mais des figurines assez proches ont été trouvées à l’Heraion de Samos dans un contexte légèrement antérieur à 600 av. J.-C. [workshop of Idalion, but similar figurines were found in Heraion in Samos in a context slightly earlier than 600 B.C.]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 106)
127: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 106)
128: n.d., no info, because only believed to have been manufactured in the ‘Atelier de Kition [workshop of Kition]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 106)
129: n.d., ‘Nécropole d’Idalion [necropolis of Idalion]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 106) [ancient Idalion, modern Dali GC maj mix]
130: n.d., ‘Nécropole d’Idalion [necropolis of Idalion]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 107) [ancient Idalion, modern Dali GC maj mix]
131: n.d., ‘Ayios Theodoros, dans le Karpass [Agios Theodoros, in the Karpass]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 110) [GC Agios Theodoros-Karpasias]
132: n.d., no info, because only suspected to be from ‘Idalion ou Larnaca [Idalion or Larnaca]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 110)
133: n.d., ‘Idalion(?)’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 110) [ancient Idalion, modern Dali GC maj mix]
134: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 111)
135: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 111)
136: n.d., no info, because only specified as from the ‘Région du Karpass [region of the Karpass]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 112)
137: n.d., no info, because only specified as from the ‘Région du Karpass [region of the Karpass]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 112)
138: n.d., ‘Idalion(?)’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 112) [ancient Idalion, modern Dali GC maj mix]
139: n.d., ‘Ayia Varvara (region d’Idalion) [Agia Varvara (region of Idalion)]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 112) GC Agia Varvara(-Lefkosias)
140: n.d., ‘Alambra(?)’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 114); ‘Le Louvre acquit quelques œuvres à la vente de 1870 où fut dispersée une partie de sa collection [de la collection de Luigi Palma di Cesnola]: c’est le cas du précieux petit naos en style d’Amathonte (no 140) [The Louvre acquired some works for sale from 1870 in which was dispersed a portion of his [Luigi Palma di Cesnola’s] collection: the case of precious little shrine style of Amathus (No. 140)]’ (Caubet, 1992: 9) [GC Alambra]
141: n.d., ‘Larnaca(?)’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 114) [GC maj mix Larnaca]
142: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 115)
143: n.d., ‘Idalion(?)’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 115) [ancient Idalion, modern Dali GC maj mix]
144: n.d., ‘Marion’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 117) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou]
145: n.d., ‘Marion’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 117) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou]
146: n.d., ‘Golgoi-Ayios Photios’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 121) [Golgoi, near GC Athienou]
147: n.d., no info, because there is no ‘Palaeokastro, près de Larnaca [Palaekastro, near Larnaca]’, only Maa-Palaikastro, near Paphos (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 121)
148: n.d., ‘Golgoi’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 122) [Golgoi, near GC Athienou]
149: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 122)
150: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 124)
151: n.d., ‘Rhodes, nécropole de Camiros’ [Greece] (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 124)
152: n.d., ‘Idalion(?)’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 124) [ancient Idalion, modern Dali GC maj mix]
153: n.d., ‘Trikomo, au nord de Salamine [Trikomo, north of Salamis]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 124) [GC Trikomo]
154: n.d., ‘Malloura, près de Golgoi [Malloura, near Golgoi]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 126) [GC Athienou]
155: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 126)
156: n.d., ‘Golgoi’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 127) [Golgoi, near GC Athienou]
157: n.d., ‘Idalion(?)’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 128) [ancient Idalion, modern Dali GC maj mix]
158: n.d., ‘Pyrgos, près d’Amathonte [Pyrgos, near Amathus]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 129) [GC Pyrgos]
159: n.d., ‘Golgoi-Athiénou’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 130) [Golgoi, near GC Athienou]
160: n.d., ‘Kition-Larnaca’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 130) [GC maj mix Larnaca]
161: n.d., ‘Amathonte, sanctuaire d’Aphrodite [Amathus, sanctuary of Aphrodite]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 132); ‘Sur le site voisin de Malloura furent retrouvés des fragments parmi lesquels vient d’être identifiée la statue d’Apollon (no 161) [At the nearby site of Mallouris were found fragments amongst which has been identified the statue of Apollo (No. 161)]’ (Caubet, 1992: 8) [ancient Amathus, near GC Agios Tychon]
162: n.d., ‘Malloura, près de Golgoi [Malloura, near Golgoi]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 133) [GC Athienou]
163: n.d., ‘Pyrgos, près d’Amathonte [Pyrgos, near Amathus]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 135) [GC Pyrgos]
164: n.d., no info, ‘l’on regrette que la provenance exacte de l’objet soit inconnue (il appartenait à la collection Cesnola) [we regret that the exact provenance of the object is unknown (it belonged to the Cesnola Collection)]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 136)
165: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 137); ‘On ignore malheureusement la provenance précise de cette intéressante statuette, achetée par Léon Heuzey à Istanbul [the precise provenance of this interesting statuette is unfortunately unclear; bought by Léon Heuzey in Istanbul]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 138)
166: n.d., ‘Idalion’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 138) [ancient Idalion, modern Dali GC maj mix]
167: n.d., ‘Golgoi-Ayios Photios’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 141) [Golgoi, near GC Athienou]
168: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 142)
169: n.d., ‘Golgoi-Athiénou’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 142) [Golgoi, near GC Athienou]
170: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 142)
171: n.d., ‘Golgoi’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 145) [Golgoi, near GC Athienou]
172: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 145)
173: n.d., ‘Golgoi’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 146) [Golgoi, near GC Athienou]
174: n.d., ‘Cnide, en Carie’ [Turkey] (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 146)
175: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 146)
176: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 147)
177: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 148)
178: n.d., ‘Idalion’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 149) [ancient Idalion, modern Dali GC maj mix]
179: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 149)
180: n.d., ‘Larnaca(?)’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 150) [GC maj mix Larnaca]
181: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 150)
182: n.d., ‘Achna’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 152) [GC Achna]
183: n.d., ‘Kition, sanctuaire des Salines [Kition, sanctuary of Salines]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 152) [GC maj mix Larnaca]
184: n.d., ‘Kition, sanctuaire des Salines [Kition, sanctuary of Salines]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 154) [GC maj mix Larnaca]
185: n.d., no info, because of the uncertainty that ‘Il y a toutes chances pour que ce document de l’ancienne collection Cesnola provienne lui aussi des Salines de Larnaca [there is every chance that this artefact of the ancient Cesnola Collection also comes from Salines in Larnaca]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 154)
186: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 154)
187: n.d., ‘Nécropole de Marion [necropolis of Marion]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 155) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou]
188: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 155)
189: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 158)
190: n.d., ‘Nécropole de Marion [necropolis of Marion]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 158) [ancient Marion, modern GC maj mix Polis tis Chrysochou]
191: n.d., ‘Golgoi’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 158) [Golgoi, near GC Athienou]
192: n.d., ‘Arsos, à l’est de Golgoi-Athiénou [Arsos, to the east of Golgoi-Athienou]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 159) [GC maj mix Arsos]
193: n.d., ‘Arsos’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 159) [GC maj mix Arsos]
194: n.d., ‘Région de Golgoi [region of Golgoi]’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 159) [Golgoi, near GC Athienou]
195: n.d., ‘Arsos’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 160) [GC maj mix Arsos]
196: n.d., ‘Arsos’ (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 160) [GC maj mix Arsos]
197: n.d., no info (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 160)
198: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 162)
199: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 162)
200: exc. (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 163)
201: exc.? ‘Fouilles L. de Cesnola’, but no find-spot… (Caubet, Hermary et Karageorghis, 1992: 163)

Tompa's incorrect claim on looted Cypriot antiquities collecting

2011-01-01T22:45:00.006Z

After I queried American lawyer and private antiquities collector Peter Tompa on Cypriot cultural protection, he replied with an incorrect claim of an incorrect claim about looted Cypriot antiquities collecting.

Query

Tompa had complained that 'the connected few [Cypriots] are allowed to collect as much looted material as they want'. Yet he did not appeal for the USA to pressure Cyprus to prevent the connected few from buying looted antiquities.

Instead, Tompa claimed that American 'import restrictions on behalf of the Republic of Cyprus only helps prop up such a corrupt system', and inexplicably advocated that the USA should deliberately increase the international market for looted Cypriot antiquities.

I queried why he did that.

Reply

Tompa commented on this blog that,

You are incorrect to claim that opposition to import restrictions at the behest of the corrupt Cypriot state and its allies in the archaeological establishment equates to support for looting. Read my blog for context.

Incorrect claim

I challenged Tompa's representation of my blog post:

I do not believe I said you supported looting. I believe I said you wanted American collectors to have the same access to looted antiquities as Cypriot collectors.

If you object to the fact that 'the connected few are allowed to collect as much looted material as they want', do you object to anyone collecting looted material, in which case you would surely support American import restrictions, as well as [additional] Cypriot acquisition restrictions?

Otherwise, does your objection have nothing whatsoever to do with Cypriot collecters' purchases underwriting looting? Instead, do you object to the fact that you were not able to buy looted Cypriot antiquities?

I look forward to knowing which of those grounds is Tompa's reason for lobbying against American import restrictions on not-demonstrably-legal Cypriot antiquities, so that I may ensure my representation of his work is accurate.

Greece: Albanian, Greek drugs, arms, antiquities smuggling

2011-01-01T05:00:00.001Z

Athens News Agency (ANA) has just reported that,
Attica Drugs Police, Ioannina Police, and the Antiquities Smuggling Department have broken an Albanian-and-Greek smuggling ring, trafficking arms into Greece.

Altogether, four military rifles, with three magazines and a telescope. A machinegun with a magazine and a telescope, two Kalashnikovs, a double-barrel hunting rifle, 25 grenades, a smokebomb, 11 detonators and 297 cartridges of various calibres were confiscated.

Croatian Serb war crimes suspect financing life through art trade

2010-12-31T04:00:00.005Z

I just heard, via the Museum Security Network, that Serbian police searched for Croatian Serb war crimes suspect Goran Hadzic and, in one of his hiding places, found paintings, and photographs of a painting by Amedeo Modigliani. It is believed that Hadzic is financing his life through the art trade.

Associated Press (AP) journalist Dušan Stojanović said the Serbian war crimes prosecutors valued the painting at 'more than 1 million euros'; but Bloomberg journalist Gordana Filipović reported their valuation as 'several millions of euros'. Unlike Stojanović, Filipović also reported that about 50 paintings had been found.

Stojanović quoted the prosecutors' formal statement, but Filipović smoothly paraphrased their belief that Hadzic 'may be trying to finance his life in hiding through the sale of art'.

Auschwitz death camp sign theft: neo-Nazi Anders Hoegstroem jailed

2010-12-31T03:15:00.009Z

I just heard, via the Museum Security Network, that the Swedish neo-Nazi suspect has been jailed for Auschwitz sign theft.

(I have blogged about the Swedish neo-Nazis funding terrorism through the illicit antiquities trade (and selling to a British neo-Nazi collector).

[However, the fantastic - and Wallander-watching - History Blog cited the Independent, which noted that 'prosecutors failed to turn up any evidence which supported Hogstrom's claims that he was acting as a middle man'; so, bizarrely, he may have claimed that he was enabling fascist terrorism in order to hide how he his profiting from antiquities smuggling.])

Agence France-Presse (AFP) journalist Michal Mrozinski reported that (Swedish) National Socialist Front founder (and former leader) Anders Högström struck a plea bargain to avoid a ten-year prison sentence for masterminding the theft of the grotesquely mocking sign at the entrance to Auschwitz death camp, which declared that "work liberates [Arbeit macht frei]".

Högström's sentence was reduced to two years and eight months; his partners-in-crime (and in plea-bargaining), Marcin Auguscinski got two years and six months, and Andrzej Strychalski got two years and four months. (According to the BBC, Andrzej Strychalski apologised in court.)

[The History Blog's information was added on the 1st January 2011.]